

Collective Action on Corruption in Nigeria : Social Norms Approach to Connecting Society and Institutions, Chatham House
Les auteurs
Chatham House, the Royal Institute of International Affairs, is an independent policy institute based in London. Our mission is to help build a sustainably secure, prosperous and just world.
Leena Koni Hoffmann is an associate fellow of the Africa Programme at Chatham House and technical adviser to the Permanent Inter-State Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel. She was a Marie Curie research fellow at the Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER) in 2013–15. Her research focuses on Nigeria’s politics, corruption, food security and regional trade in West Africa.
Raj Navanit Patel is a University of Pennsylvania Penn Social Norms Group (PennSONG) consultant. He is also a PhD candidate in the Department of Philosophy and a member of the Department of Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at the University of Pennsylvania. He worked at the US Department of Homeland Security from 2011–13. His research focuses on normative issues surrounding the provision of public goods.
Link to the original document here.
This report analyses the socially integrated opinions, expectations and behaviors regarding corruption in Nigeria, specifically within the systems of law enforcement and healthcare. Discovering these personal and social beliefs regarding bribery, extortion, embezzlement and nepotism, was the main goal of the survey created by Nigeria’s National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and implemented in seven jurisdictions throughout the country (Adamawa, Benue, Enugu, FCT, Lagos, Rivers, Sokoto). While the words ‘corruption’, ‘bribe’, ‘bribery’ and similar terms were not used in the survey, other implementers made it clear to citizen respondents that the questions concerned illegitimate informal methods of payment. The survey investigated whether if in everyday situations where corrupt activity occurs, people believe that others around them behave in certain ways and expect others to behave similarly.
WATHI has focused on this report because it presents in a clear and organized fashion the positive correlation between social norms and the continuation of corruption. While corruption in Nigeria is publicly acknowledged as a rampant and destructive practice with serious consequences for the government as well as its citizens, it remains ever-present and misunderstood. As corruption spreads, basic societal values are broken down and citizens’ sense of moral responsibility is lost. This challenge cannot be regulated by the imposition of anti-corruption laws unless such laws and policies are based on a comprehensive understanding of the societal behaviors, attitudes and norms that allow corruption to persist.
Ce rapport met en évidence les opinions, les attentes et les comportements socialement intégrés concernant la corruption au Nigéria, en particulier dans le secteur de la justice et de la santé. La découverte de ces croyances personnelles et sociales en matière de corruption, d’extorsion, de détournement de fonds et de népotisme a fait l’objet d’un sondage initié par le Bureau national des statistiques du Nigéria (NBS) et mis en œuvre dans sept juridictions du pays (Adamawa, Benue, Enugu, FCT, Lagos , Rivers, Sokoto). Même si les termes de «corruption», de «pot-de-vin» et d’autres termes similaires n’ont pas été utilisés dans l’enquête, les enquêteurs ont clairement indiqué aux citoyens interrogés que les questions portaient sur les méthodes de paiement illégitimes. Le sondage examine des situations de la vie quotidienne dans lesquelles des activités de corruption peuvent se produire. L’enquête montre que Les gens pensent que ceux autour d’eux adoptent des comportements allant dans le sens de la corruption et s’attendent à ce que les autres se comportent de manière similaire.
WATHI a également choisi ce rapport car il présente de manière claire et organisée la corrélation entre les normes sociales et le phénomène de la corruption. La corruption au Nigéria est publiquement reconnue comme une pratique répandue et destructrice. Elle présente de graves conséquences pour l’État et ses citoyens mais elle demeure un phénomène généralisé et mal appréhendé au sein de la société. Au fur et à mesure que la corruption se propage, les valeurs fondamentales de la société sont dégradées et le sentiment de responsabilité morale des citoyens est remis en cause. Ce défi ne peut être relevé que par la mise en place de lois anticorruption plus efficaces qui se fondent sur une compréhension globale des comportements, des attitudes et des normes sociétales qui permettent la persistance de la corruption.
This report works to identify the specific social norms and collective practices in Nigeria that contribute to the continued corruption on both a national and local level throughout the country. Once identified and better understood, targeted and more effective policies may be put in place to change such degrading practices. While the report focuses solely on different forms of corruption in Nigeria, the general findings may be applied to any and all African countries where corruption poses a major threat to the basic political and societal functioning of the country. This is a theory that has the potential to improve anti-corruption laws and policies throughout the region, yet requires each country to recognize the social norms already deeply embedded in their society, those which may not only condone but encourage corrupt practices.
The report proposes the following approaches to creating policy with regards to social norms, these methods may be applied in any country of the region :
• Changing incentives in contexts where corruption is the automatic response or is environmentally driven.
• Targeting communities most familiar with the human costs of corruption.
• Reframing the approach to anti-corruption messaging.
• Highlighting and empowering behavioral tendencies that encourage change.
• Using social marketing strategies to overturn the false beliefs that drive corrupt practices.
• Integrating behavioural insights into anti-corruption strategies.
Ce rapport vise à identifier les normes sociales spécifiques et les pratiques au Nigéria qui contribuent à l’ancrage de la corruption tant au niveau national qu’au niveau local. Il est nécessaire d’identifier et de comprendre ces pratiques néfastes afin de mettre en place des politiques ciblées et plus efficaces afin de corriger ces comportements. Le rapport se concentre uniquement sur les différentes formes de corruption au Nigéria mais les conclusions de l’enquête peuvent être étendues à tous les pays africains où la corruption représente une menace majeure pour le fonctionnement politique et social de l’Etat. Il s’agit d’améliorer les lois et les politiques de lutte contre la corruption dans toute la région. Cela exige que chaque pays identifie les normes sociales profondément ancrées dans sa société qui peuvent non seulement tolérer les pratiques de corruption mais peuvent aussi les encourager.
Le rapport propose les approches suivantes pour mettre en oeuvre une politique qui prend en compte les normes sociales. Ces méthodes peuvent être appliquées dans n’importe quel pays de la région:
- Modifier les incitations dans les contextes où la corruption est une pratique automatique et déterminée par l’environnement.
- Se concentrer sur les communautés qui sont les plus vulnérables face aux pratiques de corruption.
- Réformer l’approche dans le discours de la lutte contre la corruption.
- Mettre en évidence et favoriser les comportements qui encouragent les changements.
- Utiliser des stratégies de marketing pour rectifier les fausses croyances qui conduisent aux pratiques de corruption.
- Intégrer les connaissances comportementales dans les stratégies de lutte contre la corruption.
SELECTED EXTRACTS FROM THE DOCUMENT: pages iv-v, 3-5, 9, 11-13, 15-21, 23, 25-27, 33
Executive Summary and Recommendations- Key Findings and Critical Challenges
That corruption is a destructive and complex practice is openly acknowledged in Nigeria, yet it remains ubiquitous in the functioning of society and economiclife. The consequences of corruption for the country and its people are, moreover, indisputable. Acts of diversion of federal and state revenue, business and investment capital, and foreign aid, as well as the personal incomes of Nigerian citizens, contribute to a hollowing out of the country’s public institutions and the degradation of basic services. All the same, corruption is perhaps the least well understood of the country’s challenges.
It has been estimated that close to $400 billion was stolen from Nigeria’s public accounts from 1960 to 1999, and that between 2005 and 2014 some $182 billion was lost through illicit financial flows from the country. This stolen common wealth in effect represents the investment gap in building and equipping modern hospitals to reduce Nigeria’s exceptionally high maternal mortality rates – estimated at two out of every 10 global maternal deaths in 2015; expanding and upgrading an education system that is currently failing millions of children; and procuring vaccinations to prevent regular outbreaks of preventable diseases.
That corruption is a destructive and complex practice is openly acknowledged in Nigeria, yet it remains ubiquitous in the functioning of society and economiclife
In the context of anti-corruption in Nigeria, understanding these underlying social drivers helps to identify which forms of corruption are underpinned by social norms, and which practices are driven by conventions, local customs or circumstances (as shown in figure 1). Identifying the specific social drivers of specific collective practices is critical to designing targeted and effective policy interventions to change those practices. This is because not all collective practices, regardless of how pernicious, are driven by a social norm.
A better understanding of how people respond to the different contexts in which corruption takes place, and of the beliefs or incentives that influence their behaviours and actions, can lead to more effective and context-specific strategies for tackling different forms of corruption.
Simply put, in order to change behaviour, it is necessary to understand the causes of that behaviour. This is critical especially with regard to designing prevention activities in an environment in which corruption is perceived to be rife and legal measures are complicated. A holistic approach to tackling corruption in Nigeria must consider those societal characteristics that may normalize corrupt behaviour or desensitize people to its impacts.
It has been estimated that close to $400 billion was stolen from Nigeria’s public accounts from 1960 to 1999, and that between 2005 and 2014 some $182 billion was lost through illicit financial flows from the country
The research underlying this report examines, from a ‘social norms’ perspective, the beliefs and expectations that sustain certain forms of corruption in Nigeria. Social norms are a particular kind of behavioural beliefs, expectations and values shared and endorsed by a particular group or society. This means that people’s behaviours are strongly influenced by what those around them are doing and think should be done.
The true costs and consequences of corruption are hidden within the normal interactions of daily life.Tough talk and fear-based messaging cannot substitute for authenticity and exemplary behaviour. Reducing official fine rates would erode the scope for state agents to solicit petty bribes from citizens in return for escaping official penalties.
Targeting sectors and communities with information on the human costs of corruption, can help render the drivers of corrupt behaviour socially unacceptable. Messages about the cost of corruption will be more effective if they seem relevant to a specific audience, rather than generic and unfocused. Messages targeted to engage Nigeria’s large youth population will be vital in inculcating a lower tolerance of corruption in the next generation. Leadership on anti-corruption can only be successful if it is by example.
Introduction
Social norms are embedded markers of how people behave as members of a society, and have a strong influence on how they choose to act in different situations. They determine accepted forms of behaviour in a society, and act as indicators of what actions are appropriate and morally sound, or disapproved of and forbidden. Disapproval of a practice, and the social consequences of failing to adhere to one’s community’s expectations – such as gossip, public shaming, or loss of credibility and status – are usually a powerful influence on the choices people make. Equally powerful are the approval, social respectability and esteem attached to behaviour that is evaluated within one’s community as being right or acceptable.
This report makes the case that anti-corruption efforts in Nigeria can be designed or adjusted, based on lessons drawn from behavioural studies, to support greater gains in reducing practices such as bribery, extortion, nepotism and embezzlement
This report makes the case that anti-corruption efforts in Nigeria can be designed or adjusted, based on lessons drawn from behavioural studies, to support greater gains in reducing practices such as bribery, extortion, nepotism and embezzlement. It presents new evidence on key social drivers that influence people’s decisions to engage in or avoid corrupt activity, as well as factors that may impede collective action against corruption.
The Drivers of Collective Participation in Corrupt Practices
The results of the survey suggest the following:
- Social norms exist in soliciting bribes, but not in giving them.
- People consider giving an unofficial payment or dealing with extortion in certain contexts (e.g. a nurse asking for a cash payment in a publicly funded hospital) less objectionable than in other contexts (e.g. a law enforcement agent asking for an unofficial payment at a vehicle checkpoint).
- People think that women are less likely to engage in corruption, and judge them more harshly if they do.
- A local social contract determines people’s opinions and evaluation of corrupt behaviour related to embezzlement and nepotism.
The study reveals that in such interactions in which bribery and extortion can occur, there is no social norm among motorists or other road users of giving bribes to avoid the penalties for traffic violations. However, there is a social norm among law enforcement agents of soliciting bribes to negotiate enforcing or withdrawing penalties for traffic violations.
The findings show that Nigerians hold strong negative personal beliefs about being asked for a bribe during a traffic violation check
The findings show that Nigerians hold strong negative personal beliefs about being asked for a bribe during a traffic violation check. In circumstances like these where people do tend to give bribes, the survey results indicate that they do so because this is what they observe others doing, but also that respondents overwhelmingly believe that other people think that it is wrong and illegal to give a bribe. Furthermore, most respondents say that few people would think that law enforcement agents should ask for a bribe, but that people would offer bribes because they think others in similar situations will do the same.
Whose expectations count?
Within the law enforcement community, the research for this report shows that as regards bribery-and extortion-rich interactions, there are both ‘upward’ (junior to senior officers) and ‘downward’ (senior to junior officers) pressures to engage in corruption. Senior law enforcement officers expect lower-ranking officers to solicit bribes from the public- and believe they do so. Lower-ranking officers believe and expect that senior officers are also engaged in corrupt activity, but on a larger scale involving public funds allocated for the running of the agencies.
Enforcing behaviour through social sanctions and rewards
The language used to describe behaviour or people engaging in particular practices provide very useful insights as to societal values and how these are enforced. Moralistic and value-laden terms such as ‘wicked’, ‘mean-spirited’ or ‘evil’ that are used to ‘judge’ corruption norm violators, as well as language suggesting that individuals are expected to ‘carry others along’ by engaging in a particular practice, tend to be powerful sanctions that are used to perpetuate a culture of corruption in many sectors and contexts in Nigeria.
The presence of these types of sanctions is a strong indicator of a social norm that will drive and sustain a collective behaviour or practice. Even where people know that a behaviour or practice has a negative impact, they will engage in it to keep favour with their reference network. If a person’s relevant reference network – for example peers, colleagues or members of their family or community – is likely to think that person is being ‘wicked’, ‘mean-spirited’ or ‘evil’ for refusing to engage in a practice that is corrupt, the risk of this judgment creates a social pressure to comply. As one interviewee in Lagos noted: ‘These are not just expectations from your kin, but also of colleagues in your office.’
The presence of these types of sanctions is a strong indicator of a social norm that will drive and sustain a collective behaviour or practice
The risk of a loss of status, position, access or trust within a person’s reference network is a powerful incentive for most to comply with the expectations of the majority within their network. Belonging to a network, and gaining the trust of those inside that network, typically requires an adaption to the environment of the network. Thus, if corrupt exchanges are expected and the norm, then there are social pressures to conform, and consequences for non-conformity.
The presence of a social norm of soliciting for bribes in the law enforcement community in Nigeria suggests that agents of the state ask for bribes because they think that their colleagues do, and that they are also expected to do so. Such beliefs and expectations create an environment that sustains corrupt behaviour. This type of group dynamic plays a decisive role in the degree of tolerance of corruption within law enforcement institutions in Nigeria, and in the lack or ineffectiveness of the public’s poor perception of law enforcement in Nigeria as a deterrent to corruption. Over time, constant exposure to a culture of bribery or extortion can lead to the normalization and entrenchment of a tolerant environment in which such practices flourish. The formal and legal ways of doing things remain in place, but this is paralleled and possibly overwhelmed by an informal, normalized system of corrupt practices.
The presence of a social norm of soliciting for bribes in the law enforcement community in Nigeria suggests that agents of the state ask for bribes because they think that their colleagues do, and that they are also expected to do so
One interviewee in Sokoto, for instance, noted: ‘People only see grand corruption as the “real” corruption. Petty corruption is not really corruption.’ However, the cumulative effect of petty corruption is harmful, and has been particularly corrosive to Nigerian society. First, widespread and seemingly innocuous acts of corruption disproportionately target the poor, and help keep them poor. Second, petty corruption diverts resources away from legitimate and beneficial activities to illegitimate and unproductive ones. Third, it tends to be linked to, or indicative of, more substantial forms of corruption, as senior officials or employees allow petty corruption by junior ones to continue so that collusion in systemic corruption is assured.
Fourth, and perhaps most important, the aggregate effects of widespread petty corruption serve to undermine the legitimacy of government institutions in general, and their capacity to fairly administer public goods and services as well as protection under the law. The fact that more people are likely to be more directly affected by petty corruption in their day-to-day activities – for example, time spent detained at a road safety corps unit command – than by grand corruption exacerbates these four negative effects.
Accessing health services in a government- funded hospital
Under Nigeria’s policy on the basic standard of primary healthcare at the ward level (specifically from the level of primary health clinics), publicly funded facilities are to have a minimum number of inpatient ward beds. In principle, citizens needing these beds while receiving medical treatment should not be asked to pay for admission, but the norm and practice deviate sharply from this policy. Many government-run hospitals in Nigeria are severely underfunded and poorly equipped.
Years of deficits in public funding for healthcare, coupled with massive embezzlement and financial mismanagement, have led to an availability and quality crisis in the sector that has fostered a culture of routine demands for bribes by health workers and experiences of extortion in public healthcare settings in order to keep services going and regulate their distribution. It is not uncommon for priority of care to be given to those who can make an informal payment, rather than on the basis of how critical and serious the medical emergency is.
Respondents’ beliefs around informal monetary demands and extorting behaviour on the part of government health workers are also quite different from those held concerning law enforcement officials. While most people surveyed know that it is illegal for an employee to charge or extort money for a hospital bed space that should be free, most think that the employees should ask for payment, and few think it is wrong for them to do so. In some states, people considered that other people would think it is wrong for a health worker to ask for a payment for admission to a government hospital, even though most respondents thought that these employees should ask for a payment. Here again, people are mistaken about the expectations of others.
This contrasts with respondents’ beliefs around illegitimate and extorting charges by law enforcement officers in the context of checks for traffic violations. Where most respondents think that the government health workers should ask for payment, and few think it is wrong for them to do so, most respondents did not think that a law enforcement official should demand a bribe or extort money, and many think it is wrong for them to do so.
Gendered norms of corruption
Not only is the embezzlement of public funds widely acknowledged as a crucial factor affecting the capacity of the Nigerian state at all levels to manage resources and deliver public goods and services, but very strong gender biases are evident in expectations and judgments surrounding embezzlement. The gender of a government official or employee who takes government funds for personal use tends to be an important factor in people’s beliefs and expectations about the corrupt behaviour.
The general trend from the survey indicates that most Nigerians think that women are less likely than men to engage in corruption. Almost six out of 10 people (59 per cent of respondents) thought it was extremely unlikely for a female government official to take public funds for personal use, as against four out of 10 (41.1 per cent) for male officials.
The general trend from the survey indicates that most Nigerians think that women are less likely than men to engage in corruption
These kinds of judgments reflect a gender bias that is rooted in Nigeria’s broader patriarchal values – i.e. when men are corrupt, this is because they may need to be and/or they are wired to be corrupt; when women are corrupt, this is because of an uncharacteristic greed. A justificatory rationale is given for men’s corrupt behaviour, whereas corruption by a woman is viewed as a behaviour that goes against a pure and righteous nature.
Many such social beliefs in Nigeria towards corruption are rooted in religious and moral values, as evidenced by people’s perception of women and corruption. More broadly, cultural and social values, concepts of wealth and power, morality and gender roles are all intertwined, and they all strongly influence popular expectations of women in public and private domains, and their access and integration into corrupt networks.
Many such social beliefs in Nigeria towards corruption are rooted in religious and moral values, as evidenced by people’s perception of women and corruption
Corruption tends to be rife in societies characterized by local social contracts and a lack of a universal (or national) social contract. In societies in which only local social contracts operate, trust and resources are allocated according to social (i.e. personal) relationships and patronage, rather than according to neutral and fair rules. In this environment, people’s expectations of the behaviour of people with access to government resources is that they would and should use these for the benefit of those with a personal or social link to them, thus creating a local social contract.
A society governed by local social contracts makes it difficult to use the legal system to combat corruption. Citizens are less likely to perceive laws as legitimate and thus less likely to abide by them. Laws might work effectively in shifting social norms if the legal system is perceived as fair and the enforcers of laws are seen as honest. But when laws or the legal system are not seen as fair, laws can be ineffective. When laws and the general procedural aspects of governance that produce them are not considered to be fair and neutral, anti- corruption campaigns are ineffective legal interventions because they are seen as overtly political or unfairly targeting certain groups – for example, critics of the government, political opponents or people with no connections to the powerful in society.
Towards Collective Action Against Corruption: Policy Approaches
Corruption avoidance needs to be the practical option
Options for the settlement of fines should include well-developed and user- friendly online and mobile platforms, and individuals should be able to lodge complaints about disputed penalties as well as to report instances of soliciting for bribes and extorting behaviour without fear of reprisal.
Procedural changes should be complemented by interventions designed to encourage social norms that foster integrity and honesty within law enforcement agencies. There must be clear and enforceable negative sanctions for corrupt behaviour, and equally clear and meaningful positive sanctions and rewards for not engaging in corruption.
Targeting sectors and communities with critical information on the human costs of corruption
Anti-corruption campaign messages can be reframed to resonate in affected communities, contexts or sectors, using pertinent and positive norms, values and expectations. Targeting young people may help to instill a low tolerance of corruption in the next generation.
Conclusion: Integrating Behavioural Insights into Anti-corruption Strategies
As behavioural drivers influence people’s choices and preferences around corruption, Nigeria’s anti-corruption agencies should systematically integrate these methods into the long-term approach to their mandates. A discrete unit, operating across the various agencies, could be established to review and hone anti-corruption messaging, and to advise how behavioural lessons might best be applied to public policy against corruption.
This inter-agency unit should receive training and guidance in behavioural methods for systematically evaluating interventions through randomized controlled trials to test what works best across the country. The unit’s approach should be holistic, integrating empirical findings about people’s behaviours surrounding corruption across all stages – from diagnostics to design and eventual implementation and evaluation – of policymaking, rather than a separate approach that produces ‘behavioural policies’ as add-ons.
Nigeria’s entire system of anti-corruption laws and policies can operate more effectively if these are more deliberately premised on influencing collective behaviour in a desired direction
Nigeria’s entire system of anti-corruption laws and policies can operate more effectively if these are more deliberately premised on influencing collective behaviour in a desired direction. Simply put, a careful understanding of the factors that drive relevant behaviours should be a critical component of government actions to reduce corruption. In fact, all aspects of government policymaking aimed at countering corruption would benefit from the application of rigorous, observed evidence of how citizens will react to measures in practice, in order to maximize effectiveness while minimizing costs.
The potential outcomes should serve as an impetus to the Nigerian government to explore and build up its knowledge base and capacity concerning behaviour- and social norms-based interventions and solutions, drawing on successful – as well as less successful – case studies to inform policymaking for tackling corruption.
Crédit photo : premiumtimesng.com
208 Commentaires. En écrire un nouveau
mexican drugstore online buying from online mexican pharmacy Meds From Mexico
https://medsfrommexico.com/# Meds From Mexico
Online medicine order: pharmacy website india – India Pharm Global
Online medicine order: India Pharm Global – India Pharm Global
India Pharm Global India Pharm Global top online pharmacy india
https://canadapharmglobal.com/# canadian pharmacies that deliver to the us
mexican pharmaceuticals online: pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa – medication from mexico pharmacy
https://medsfrommexico.com/# mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
india online pharmacy: India Pharm Global – india pharmacy
http://canadapharmglobal.com/# canadian discount pharmacy
mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs Meds From Mexico Meds From Mexico
canadian pharmacy meds: Canada Pharm Global – canadian pharmacy no scripts
Semaglu Pharm: Order Rybelsus discreetly – Semaglutide tablets without prescription
http://semaglupharm.com/# Semaglu Pharm
Discreet shipping for Lipitor Lipi Pharm Lipi Pharm
LipiPharm: LipiPharm – LipiPharm
https://crestorpharm.com/# Crestor Pharm
Semaglutide tablets without prescription: SemagluPharm – Semaglu Pharm
https://semaglupharm.com/# Rybelsus online pharmacy reviews
Semaglu Pharm SemagluPharm Rybelsus side effects and dosage
semaglutide and alcohol: Rybelsus 3mg 7mg 14mg – is semaglutide fda approved
Buy statins online discreet shipping: side effect rosuvastatin – Crestor Pharm
https://semaglupharm.com/# No prescription diabetes meds online
buy crestor online can crestor cause pancreatitis CrestorPharm
Semaglu Pharm: Semaglu Pharm – Semaglu Pharm
Order rosuvastatin online legally: does rosuvastatin affect kidney function – rosuvastatin 20 mg cost
Semaglu Pharm semaglutide oral vs injection FDA-approved Rybelsus alternative
max dose of semaglutide: Semaglu Pharm – Semaglu Pharm
https://semaglupharm.shop/# FDA-approved Rybelsus alternative
prednisone price: PredniPharm – prednisone over the counter south africa
semaglutide and tirzepatide Rybelsus 3mg 7mg 14mg No prescription diabetes meds online
https://semaglupharm.com/# januvia vs rybelsus
CrestorPharm: CrestorPharm – Crestor Pharm
https://lipipharm.com/# Lipi Pharm
Lipi Pharm Lipi Pharm LipiPharm
https://semaglupharm.com/# Semaglu Pharm
LipiPharm: does atorvastatin cause weight gain – Order cholesterol medication online
can atorvastatin cause hair loss: Lipi Pharm – atorvastatin 5 mg
rosuvastatin and ezetimibe combination crestor images can you eat grapefruit with crestor
https://semaglupharm.com/# SemagluPharm
CrestorPharm: Crestor Pharm – rosuvastatin weight loss
Crestor Pharm: CrestorPharm – should rosuvastatin be taken at night
Crestor Pharm Crestor Pharm rosuvastatin nebenwirkungen
https://semaglupharm.com/# FDA-approved Rybelsus alternative
http://semaglupharm.com/# can rybelsus cause yeast infections
SemagluPharm: No prescription diabetes meds online – Rybelsus online pharmacy reviews
what are the long term side effects of rosuvastatin: Crestor Pharm – how much coq10 should i take with crestor
https://semaglupharm.shop/# Semaglu Pharm
how much semaglutide to take rybelsus 3 mg uses Semaglu Pharm
Semaglu Pharm: Semaglu Pharm – where does semaglutide come from
Where to buy Semaglutide legally: Online pharmacy Rybelsus – Semaglu Pharm
https://semaglupharm.com/# SemagluPharm
Predni Pharm buy prednisone with paypal canada PredniPharm
SemagluPharm: Rybelsus for blood sugar control – Semaglu Pharm
http://semaglupharm.com/# Safe delivery in the US
Online pharmacy Rybelsus Rybelsus for blood sugar control Order Rybelsus discreetly
Predni Pharm: prednisone pharmacy prices – order prednisone with mastercard debit
Predni Pharm: Predni Pharm – prednisone 20mg online pharmacy
https://semaglupharm.com/# otc rybelsus
Semaglu Pharm Semaglu Pharm Semaglu Pharm
https://crestorpharm.shop/# Crestor Pharm
Affordable Lipitor alternatives USA: lipitor to crestor conversion – lipitor special instructions
lipitor lower blood pressure LipiPharm can atorvastatin cause dizziness
https://prednipharm.com/# mail order prednisone
Predni Pharm: Predni Pharm – Predni Pharm
prednisone brand name us PredniPharm prednisone 60 mg price
Semaglu Pharm: is tirzepatide a semaglutide – semaglutide cancer
Crestor Pharm Crestor Pharm doses of crestor
http://crestorpharm.com/# Crestor Pharm
Rybelsus side effects and dosage: SemagluPharm – Semaglu Pharm
Semaglu Pharm: how to get rybelsus cheap – SemagluPharm
Crestor Pharm Crestor Pharm Crestor Pharm
prednisone price australia: by prednisone w not prescription – PredniPharm
5 prednisone in mexico: Predni Pharm – PredniPharm
https://lipipharm.com/# atorvastatin and blood pressure
Lipi Pharm: Lipi Pharm – LipiPharm
can you take coq10 with lipitor can i eat bananas with atorvastatin Lipi Pharm
semaglutide shot: SemagluPharm – Where to buy Semaglutide legally
CrestorPharm: Safe online pharmacy for Crestor – CrestorPharm
LipiPharm п»їBuy Lipitor without prescription USA Lipi Pharm
Crestor Pharm: CrestorPharm – crestor vs pravastatin
https://semaglupharm.com/# Semaglu Pharm
prednisone 60 mg tablet: prednisone 2.5 mg daily – Predni Pharm
CrestorPharm does rosuvastatin cause insomnia crestor vs lovastatin
PredniPharm: prednisone 5 mg cheapest – Predni Pharm
atorvastatin 80mg tablets: is atorvastatin bad for you – Lipi Pharm
https://lipipharm.com/# Lipi Pharm
crestor with alcohol: Crestor Pharm – Crestor Pharm
prednisone 10 tablet Predni Pharm prednisone 10mg
rosuvastatin prices: No doctor visit required statins – Crestor Pharm
No doctor visit required statins: CrestorPharm – Crestor Pharm
Lipi Pharm Lipi Pharm Lipi Pharm
Discreet shipping for Lipitor: does atorvastatin affect erectile dysfunction – LipiPharm
Buy cholesterol medicine online cheap: Crestor Pharm – CrestorPharm
Lipi Pharm: Lipi Pharm – Lipi Pharm
SemagluPharm SemagluPharm SemagluPharm
Lipi Pharm: FDA-approved generic statins online – LipiPharm
prednisone 20mg prescription cost: PredniPharm – Predni Pharm
Predni Pharm buying prednisone from canada prednisone purchase online
real viagra pills for sale: VGR Sources – india viagra online
where can i get real viagra: VGR Sources – viagra brand name in india
viagra canada online pharmacy VGR Sources where can i buy viagra without a prescription
how can i get viagra prescription: cheap viagra australia fast delivery – sildenafil 50 mg online uk
viagra price in india online purchase: generic viagra online pharmacy usa – canada viagra otc
https://vgrsources.com/# generic viagra online in usa
buy 1 viagra pill viagra online rx where is the best place to buy viagra online
viagra fast shipping canada: VGR Sources – Viagra 50 mg Fiyat
pharmacy prices for sildenafil: generic viagra 50mg – where can you get women’s viagra
sildenafil 100 canada VGR Sources sildenafil tablets online
viagra price pfizer: sildenafil cheapest price in india – sildenafil tablets coupon
viagra generic over the counter: generic viagra from canada pharmacy – viagra gold
https://vgrsources.com/# viagra 100 tablet
price for viagra in canada: VGR Sources – viagra gel
sildenafil 100 mg uk: VGR Sources – how to buy viagra over the counter uk
sildenafil 58: VGR Sources – how to get sildenafil online
viagra 75 mg price sildenafil medication order viagra online pharmacy
sildenafil generic nz: buy viagra in india online – sildenafil comparison
canadian pharmacy generic viagra: sildenafil 58 – order viagra from uk
https://vgrsources.com/# can you buy viagra online without a prescription
how to buy viagra usa: female viagra singapore – sildenafil canadian online pharmacy
generic otc viagra buy generic viagra canadian pharmacy 200 mg viagra india –
canadian pharmacy viagra online: VGR Sources – female viagra where to buy uk
buy viagra online in canada: sildenafil online for sale – viagra brand online
how much is 1 viagra pill: where can i get viagra without a prescription – generic viagra online fast delivery
purchase cheap viagra: sildenafil tablets 50mg – viagra soft tabs 50 mg
https://vgrsources.com/# where can you buy viagra online
sildenafil 50mg tablets uk 100mg generic sildenafil sildenafil sale in india
best price for viagra 50mg: VGR Sources – viagra canada online
viagra europe online: viagra prescription price – viagra canadian pharmacy generic
viagra capsule price in india: VGR Sources – buy sildenafil 200mg
can you buy viagra over the counter canada: VGR Sources – buy viagra online cheap india
cheap viagra generic online viagra pills online purchase viagra comparison prices
viagra mexico price: sildenafil tablets online australia – cheapest price for sildenafil 100 mg
viagra prescription usa: VGR Sources – canada viagra
viagra price without insurance: VGR Sources – buy viagra without rx
viagra 20 mg online VGR Sources viagra professional
cheap generic viagra online canada: VGR Sources – otc viagra 2017
viagra fast shipping: VGR Sources – generic sildenafil citrate
purchase viagra online in usa eu pharmacy viagra how to buy viagra over the counter uk
buy sale viagra: VGR Sources – order viagra for women
buy brand viagra australia: female viagra pills online india – online canadian pharmacy viagra
viagra 100 mg tablet price: cheap viagra pills free shipping – online pharmacy viagra usa
cheap viagra generic canada VGR Sources order sildenafil tablets
generic viagra coupon: viagra pharmacy cost – mexico viagra over the counter
sildenafil 20 mg tablet: viagra capsules in india – generic viagra from canada
sildenafil price 100mg VGR Sources viagra price online
pharmacy online india medicine online order best online indian pharmacy
can you buy ozempic over the counter in mexico: Pharm Mex – mexican ozempic pills
medicine online purchase india pharmacy website pharmacy online india
https://pharmmex.shop/# legit canadian pharmacy
pharmacy online india: pharmacy website in india – india pharmacy viagra
buy viagra in pharmacy uk online pharmacy same day delivery pharmacy online uae
india pharmacy of the world: india online pharmacy market – history of pharmacy in india
best online pharmacy reviews finasteride india pharmacy xeloda specialty pharmacy
Benemid: pharmacy online australia – Prevacid
https://pharmmex.shop/# online pharmacies with adderall
b pharmacy salary in india registration in pharmacy council of india overseas pharmacy india
escitalopram generic pharmacy: united pharmacy fincar – estrace online pharmacy
online pharmacy prices: legit online mexican pharmacy – mexican pharmacy cancun
prednisone over the counter in mexico Pharm Mex mexican rx pharmacy
revia online pharmacy: ambien mexico pharmacy – remedies rx pharmacy
aldara pharmacy: Pharm Express 24 – best online pharmacy klonopin
online pharmacy website phentermine in mexico online drug stores
http://pharmmex.com/# mexican pharmacy tramadol
mexican pharmacy tijuana: accurate pharmacy – what to get at mexican pharmacy
topical rx pharmacy tallahassee fl: viagra online uk pharmacy – united pharmacy online
buy medicine online in india InPharm24 pharmacy in india online
nabp pharmacy: vancouver pharmacy viagra – zovirax ointment online pharmacy
mexican pharmacy algodones: mexican pharmacy near me – mounjaro tijuana
mexican viagra name Pharm Mex buying medicine in mexico
https://inpharm24.com/# online medicines india
dandruff shampoo india pharmacy: InPharm24 – india online medicine
india online pharmacy: InPharm24 – buy online medicine
pain management pharmacy online mexican pharmacy trusted online pharmacy
what can i buy over the counter in mexico: advair mexican pharmacy – pharmacy in mexico city
mexican medicine store: Pharm Mex – tirzepatide in mexico price
https://pharmmex.com/# prednisone over the counter in mexico
cheap online pharmacy india InPharm24 medplus pharmacy india
mexico pharmacy price list puerto vallarta: is tirzepatide available in mexico – rx medication store
best rated online pharmacy inderal online pharmacy banfield online pharmacy
mounjaro from mexico: can you buy ozempic over the counter in mexico – medications from mexico
https://pharmexpress24.com/# propecia pharmacy prices
http://pharmexpress24.com/# levitra pharmacy rx one
what can you buy in mexican pharmacy Pharm Mex what can i buy in a mexican pharmacy
tramadol from mexico: Pharm Mex – order painkillers online
se puede comprar enantyum sin receta mГ©dica salbutamol se puede comprar sin receta comprar viagra en crema sin receta
peut on acheter viagra en pharmacie sans ordonnance: fertifol sans ordonnance – diprosone sans ordonnance
farmacia uruguay online galotam farmacia online test anticuerpos farmacia online
https://confiapharma.shop/# loja farmacia online
tadalafil en ligne: quelle pommade antibiotique sans ordonnance ? – nature attitude
cialis sans ordonnance europe Pharmacie Express peut on aller voir un rhumatologue sans ordonnance
se puede comprar bisoprolol sin receta: Confia Pharma – comprar wartec crema sin receta
coquelusedal adulte sans ordonnance: Pharmacie Express – honoraire de garde pharmacie sans ordonnance
http://pharmacieexpress.com/# prix viagra 50mg
caverject 20 mg prezzo crestor 5 mg prezzo dibase 50.000 vendita online
farmacia g2 online: Confia Pharma – farmacia online en santander
a derma pain surgras: xylocaine gel sans ordonnance – cialis 20mg price
lexomil sans ordonnance: progesterone naturelle en pharmacie sans ordonnance – somnifere sans ordonnance en pharmacie
zibenak gocce lenzetto spray prezzo mobic 7 5
logotipo farmacia online: vitamina c farmacia online – como comprar tadalafilo sin receta
https://farmaciasubito.com/# eutirox 75
farmacia shop online napoli: Farmacia Subito – medrol a cosa serve
ciproxin 500 costo: Farmacia Subito – cortivis collirio prezzo
deltacortene prezzo: euvitol crema – vertiserc 24 mg prezzo
prazene 10 mg dove comprarlo: lybella pillola prezzo – bentelan fiale
tadalafil 5mg boîte 28 prix: viagra ou cialis en ligne – pharmacie canada sans ordonnance
farmacia económica online: farmacia online farmavazquez zaragoza – comprar trankimazin españa sin receta
kamagra pas cher: kamagra 100mg prix – commander Kamagra en ligne