The role of diplomats in promoting African cultures in order to foster a more dynamic African integration for tackling economic challenges
Paper presented at the High-level Pan-African Forum for Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Diplomats, Centre africain de formation et de recherche administratives pour le développement, 2013.
Extraits tirés des pages : 2, 3, 6-8, 10, 11, 13, 17. [Fr] [En]
FRANÇAIS
Fondamentalement, la culture et toute la gamme de la diplomatie culturelle présente des retombées pour l’intégration régionale latentes mais massives qui sont souvent sous-estimées dans le monde moderne de la diplomatie. Il existe des preuves tangibles que là où la diplomatie culturelle se développe, il y a absence de conflit et un potentiel vérifiable existe pour le développement économique accéléré.
La question de savoir pourquoi l’Afrique n’a pas tiré profit de ses ressources culturelles considérables pour l’intégration et le développement économique reste un défi important pour les décideurs régionaux. La Charte pour la diplomatie culturelle africaine reconnaît le dynamisme de la culture qui doit nécessairement permettre aux peuples d’évoluer pour une responsabilité accrue dans leur développement. Ce n’est donc pas un hasard si à travers l’histoire, la diplomatie culturelle a été étroitement liée à la poursuite des relations extérieures.
Article 17 de la «Charte culturelle Renaissance” expose quelques-unes des avenues notables pour calibrage de la diplomatie culturelle africaine. La Charte oblige les Etats membres à renforcer la capacité du secteur culturel et les parties prenantes à travers l’organisation de festivals, de séminaires, de conférences, de formation et de cours de recyclage aux niveaux national, sous-régional, continental et panafricain.
Les Etats membres sont également exhortés de garantir l’égalité d’accès des femmes et des hommes à l’expression culturelle, la prise de décision, les professions de l’art et de la culture. La Charte préconise des mesures pour rendre la culture progressive grâce à la formation d’adaptation aux méthodes modernes, sans rompre les liens avec les sources culturelles traditionnelles.
L’Afrique doit exploiter les énormes possibilités offertes par les événements annuels tels que le tournoi de la Coupe d’Afrique des Nations pour institutionnaliser la diplomatie culturelle régionale. Chaque pays qui accueille le tournoi pourrait adopter la philosophie de ubuntu en engageant les pays voisins dans la sous-région. La diplomatie culturelle devrait être utilisée de manière stratégique afin que les avantages économiques soient étendus à d’autres régions.
La cérémonie d’ouverture pourrait par exemple présenter des œuvres artistiques et des attractions culturelles des pays africains participants. La planification et la logistique générale devraient également concerner les pays de la région. Les musiciens africains issus de pays participants peuvent et doivent mettre en valeur leurs talents musicaux pour ainsi unifier le continent afin de célébrer sa riche diversité tout en apportant des avantages économiques importants.
En dépit de sa diversité passionnante, la culture africaine présente une unité frappante qui traverse les frontières. L’Article 18 de la Charte de la Renaissance oblige les États à reconnaître la nécessité de développer les langues africaines afin d’assurer leur promotion culturelle et l’accélération de leur développement économique et social.
À cette fin, les États membres sont encouragés à essayer de formuler et de mettre en œuvre des politiques linguistiques nationales appropriées. Bien que des politiques linguistiques existent, les pays africains n’ont manifestement pas réussi à rendre les langues locales attrayantes pour les jeunes en particulier. Il n’est donc pas étonnant que l’anglais et le français aient évincé les dialectes locaux de la vie nationale.
Dans la même lancée, les industries culturelles et artistiques ont, au cours des dernières années émergé comme l’une des principales sources d’investissements étrangers et d’emploi du Zimbabwe et un outil pour affirmer l’identité nationale du peuple. Ces industries ont beaucoup contribué à attirer les touristes et à promouvoir l’image du pays. L’Afrique du Sud a investi des ressources considérables dans le secteur du tourisme pour créer des emplois pour sa jeunesse en pleine expansion. Des ressources importantes sont versées chaque année pour promouvoir et maintenir les artistes en activité.
Dans les principaux médias occidentaux, le continent est dépeint comme une terre sans vie significative, développement, infrastructure et entreprise d’affaires. L’Afrique est dépeint comme un désordre sombre et arriéré sous-développé, pauvre et affligé par la maladie. En d’autres termes l’Afrique est un cas désespéré.
Bien au contraire, les valeurs africaines ont beaucoup contribué à la conscience du monde, le discours sur le développement et la conversation sociale. Pourtant, l’image de l’Afrique est grossièrement pervertie, en particulier dans le monde occidental. Cette insulte à la culture africaine, ostensiblement riche et diversifiée en réalité, est principalement due à l’inaccessibilité à un récit original généré en Afrique.
En vue de donner effet à l’objectif de mettre en place une marque africaine à travers une intervention culturelle, l’article 33 de la Charte culturelle africaine exhorte l’Union africaine à prendre les mesures nécessaires pour établir des institutions ou «Maisons d’Afrique» dans les pays où il existe une diaspora africaine importante, et ailleurs également en vue de : promouvoir une vision positive de l’Afrique; promouvoir les positions et les perspectives africaines et soutenir la diaspora africaine dans ses efforts pour tisser des relations avec ses communautés, ses gouvernements régionaux et nationaux en Afrique ainsi que dans le reste du monde.
L’Afrique est son peuple. Par conséquent la culture prend une place centrale dans la nouvelle marque africaine. Cette marque tire sa valeur non seulement de la diversité du continent, la beauté des paysages, la nature, l’abondance et le potentiel des ressources, mais aussi de ses cadres historiques et culturels. Sa valeur découle également de l’humilité et l’hospitalité des citoyens africains, ainsi que leur créativité et leur culture. Sans doute, cette marque doit encore être communiquée et «vendue» aux Africains et au monde en général.
Il est possible pour les États membres africains et conformément aux termes de l’article 31 de la Charte culturelle d’établir une sorte de centre d’information indépendant, suivant le modèle du British Council. Sa mission sera de promouvoir l’intérêt national, soutenir les missions dans leurs efforts pour amener les meilleurs artistes, écrivains et autres personnalités culturelles à leurs publics, développer des partenariats public-privé, et lever des fonds. Une telle structure devrait idéalement être lancée au niveau de l’Union africaine avec des branches réparties entre les communautés économiques régionales pour une proximité profonde avec les États membres.
Il est prudent de dire que le projet de la diplomatie culturelle de l’Afrique est extrêmement sous-utilisé dans les domaines clés de la paix, le développement économique et l’approfondissement du jeune projet de l’intégration régionale.
ENGLISH
Crucially, culture and the whole gamut of cultural diplomacy presents latent yet massive regional integration spin-off that is often underrated in the modern world of diplomacy. There is demonstrable evidence that where cultural diplomacy thrives there is absence of conflict and verifiable potential exists for accelerated economic development.
Why Africa has not leveraged its huge cultural resource for integration and economic development remains an important challenge for regional policy makers. The Charter for African Cultural Diplomacy recognises the dynamism of culture which should of necessity enable peoples to evolve for increased responsibility in their development. It is then no accident that throughout history, Cultural Diplomacy has been intertwined with the pursuit of foreign relations.
Article 17 of the Cultural Renaissance Charter outlays some of the notable avenues for calibrating the African cultural diplomacy. The Charter obligates member states to build the capacity of the cultural sector and stakeholders through the organization of festivals, seminars, conferences, training and refresher courses at national, sub-regional, continental and Pan-African levels.
Member states are also enjoined to guarantee equal access of women and men to cultural expression, decision-making, art and cultural professions. The Charter advocates measures to make culture progressive through training to adapt to modern methods, without breaking links with traditional cultural roots.
Africa should harness the huge opportunities provided by annual events like the African Cup of Nations tournament to institutionalise regional cultural diplomacy. Each country hosting the tournament could potentially embrace the philosophy of ubuntu by engaging neighbouring countries in the sub-region. Cultural diplomacy should be strategically used such that the economic benefits are spread to other regions.
The opening ceremony could for example showcase artistic works and cultural attractions from participating African countries. Planning and general logistics should also involve countries across the region. African musicians drawn from participating countries can and should showcase their musical talents thereby unity the continent in celebrating its rich diversity yet spinning significant economic benefits.
In spite of its enthralling diversity the African culture has striking commonality even across borders. Article 18 of the Renaissance Charter obligates states to recognize the need to develop African languages in order to ensure their cultural advancement, and acceleration of their economic and social development.
To this end, member states are encouraged to endeavour to formulate and implement appropriate national language policies. Whilst language policies exist, African countries have signally failed to make local languages attractive to especially young people. It is no wonder that English and French have crowded the local dialects out of the national life.
In the same breadth the arts and cultural industries have, over the past few years emerged as one of Zimbabwe’s major sources of foreign investment, employment and a tool to assert the people’s national identity. These industries have contributed immensely in attracting tourists and promoting the country’s image. South Africa has invested massive resources in the tourism sector to create employment for its burgeoning youth. Significant resources are disbursed annually to promote and keep artists in active employment.
The way the continent is portrayed in the mainstream Western media is that there is no meaningful life, no development, no infrastructure and business enterprise is none existence. Africa is made out as a dark and backward mess. That the continent is underdeveloped, there is poverty and its disease stricken. In other words Africa is a basket case.
Quite to the contrary, African values have a great deal to contribute to world consciousness, development discourse and social conversation. Yet Africa finds itself in a quagmire of being grossly misrepresented especially in the western world. One important explanation for this malfeasance on the otherwise ostentatiously rich and diverse Africa’s culture is due in main to the inexcusable inaccessibility to original African generated narrative.
With a view to give effect to the objective of African branding through a cultural intervention, Article 33 of the African Cultural Charter enjoins the African Union to take the necessary measures to establish institutions or “Africa Houses” in countries where there is a significant African Diaspora, and elsewhere with a view: to promote positive awareness about Africa; to promote African positions and perspectives and to support the African Diaspora in its efforts to forge relations with their communities, their regional and national governments in Africa and in the rest of the world.
Africa is its people, hence culture takes centre stage in the new brand Africa. This is a brand of which values derive not only from the continent’s diversity, scenic beauty, nature, resource endowment and potential, but also from its historical and cultural settings. It is also a brand of which values derive from the humbleness and the warmth of African citizens their creativity and culture. Arguably, it is the brand that still needs to be communicated and ‘sold’ to Africans and the world at large.
It is possible for African member states and in terms of Article 31 of the Cultural Charter to establish some sort of an independent clearinghouse, in the mould of the British Council, to promote the national interest; support missions in their efforts to bring the best artists, writers, and other cultural figures to their audiences; develop public-private partnerships; and raise funds. Such a structure should ideally be pitched at the African Union level with branches spread out among regional economic communities for deep intimacy with member states.
It is safe to say that Africa’s cultural diplomacy project is huge underutilised in key areas of peace, economic development and deepening the fledgling regional integration project.
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