Corruption and Pro-Poor Growth Outcomes: Evidence and Lessons for African Countries
Léonce Ndikumana, 2006.
http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/working_papers/working_papers_101-150/WP120.pdf
FRANÇAIS
Il y a un consensus croissant sur le fait que la corruption nuit à la performance économique en réduisant l’investissement privé, en portant atteinte à la quantité et à la qualité des infrastructures publiques, en réduisant les recettes fiscales et l’accumulation de capital humain.
En plus de créer une atmosphère d’inefficacité – qui entraîne une croissance plus faible d’une dotation donnée en facteurs et en technologie –, la corruption a des effets négatifs sur la distribution vu qu’elle affecte les pauvres de manière disproportionnée. Pour un niveau donné de budget de l’Etat et du revenu national, les pays à forte corruption atteignent des taux d’alphabétisation inférieurs, ont des taux de mortalité plus élevés, et les pires résultats de développement humain dans l’ensemble.
La corruption aggrave la pauvreté en réduisant les dépenses publiques en faveur des pauvres, en créant des pénuries artificielles et une congestion dans les services publics, en causant un parti-pris politique en faveur de l’intensité du capital, ce qui perpétue le chômage. Un niveau élevé de corruption dans les pays africains constitue l’un des facteurs qui expliquent non seulement une croissance lente, mais aussi des progrès limités dans la réduction de la pauvreté. Éradiquer la corruption dans les bureaucraties africaines est une tâche difficile, surtout parce qu’elle est un phénomène systémique qui présente une forte tendance à hystérèse.
Par conséquent, des stratégies précises sont nécessaires pour changer la structure incitative en modifiant les gains et sanctions qui régissent les interactions entre la bureaucratie et les opérateurs économiques privés. Les stratégies visant à lutter contre la corruption comportent des mesures pour augmenter la transparence dans la gestion des ressources publiques, établir une structure incitative qui récompense le comportement honnête parmi les fonctionnaires, renforcer la transparence dans les contrats internationaux, donner des pénalités égales à toutes les parties aux affaires de corruption, et promouvoir des médias libres et responsables.
Alors que ceux qui profitent de la corruption sont incités à la pérenniser, les victimes, elles, apprennent à s’en accommoder de telle sorte que la corruption devient acceptable et se perpétue. Les bureaucrates corrompus maximisent leurs intérêts personnels, compte tenu des contraintes liées au milieu institutionnel. Par conséquent, l’accent doit être mis sur la recherche d’une technologie appropriée pour détecter, réprimer et dissuader les pratiques malhonnêtes dans les bureaucraties.
Une stratégie visant à encourager un comportement honnête parmi les fonctionnaires est d’étendre leurs horizons d’optimisation grâce à des programmes de rémunération progressistes. Les programmes de rémunération qui prévoient des avantages substantiellement plus élevés rendent le licenciement préjudiciable et peu attrayant tout en augmentant les avantages d’une bonne conduite dans le travail. Les mécanismes pour étendre l’horizon du travailleur comprennent des programmes de retraite saine et une application des processus de promotion fondée sur le mérite et l’ancienneté.
ENGLISH
There is growing consensus on the view that corruption hurts economic performance by reducing private investment, by adversely affecting the quantity and quality of public infrastructure, by reducing tax revenue, and by reducing human capital accumulation.
In addition to inefficiency effects – causing lower growth for a given endowment in factors and technology –, corruption also has adverse distributional effects as it hurts the poor disproportionately. For a given level of government budget and national income, high corruption countries achieve lower literacy rates, have higher mortality rates, and overall worse human development outcomes.
Corruption deepens poverty by reducing pro-poor pubic expenditures, by creating artificial shortages and congestion in public services, and by inducing a policy bias in favor of capital intensity, which perpetuates unemployment. High levels of corruption in African countries constitute one of the factors explaining not only slow growth but also limited progress in poverty reduction. Eradicating corruption in African bureaucracies is a challenging task, especially because it is a systemic phenomenon that exhibits a strong tendency for hysterisis.
Therefore, explicit strategies are necessary to change the incentive structure by modifying the payoffs and sanctions that govern the interactions between bureaucrats and private economic operators. Strategies to fight corruption include measures to increase transparency in the management of public resources, establishing an incentive structure that rewards honest behavior among civil servants, enforcing transparency in international contracts and equal penalties to all parties to corrupt deals, and promotion of a free and responsible media.
While those who benefit from corruption have incentives to perpetuate it, the victims of corruption learn to cope with it so that corruption becomes expected and self-perpetuating. Corrupt bureaucrats maximize their own individual interests given the constraints associated with the institutional environment. Therefore the focus must be on finding the appropriate technology to detect, punish, and deter dishonest practices in bureaucracies.
One strategy to inducing honest behavior among civil servants is to extend their optimization horizons through progressive compensation schemes. Pay schemes that provide for substantially higher advantages in the future ultimately raise the cost of being fired while increasing he benefits from staying in good standing in the job. Mechanisms for extending the worker’s horizon include healthy retirement packages and enforcement of promotion process based on merit and seniority.
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