Restore the Health of your Organization: A practical Guide to Curing and Preventing Corruption in Local Governments and Communities. Volume 1 Concepts an Strategies
Fred Fisher
http://www.chs.ubc.ca/archives/?q=node/953
FRANÇAIS
Pourquoi se concentrer sur les collectivités locales? Alors que la décentralisation et l’adoption de processus démocratique d’auto-gouvernance au niveau local ont apporté la promesse d’une meilleure gouvernance, ils ont également donné naissance à des opportunités de décentralisation de la corruption. Lorsque les gouvernements locaux ignorent la nécessiter de systèmes de transparence et de reddition de compte, ils fournissent de nouvelles tentations pour l’utilisation abusive de pouvoirs publics à des fins personnelles.
Dans la période de transition vers la démocratie, la mise en œuvre de nouvelles politiques par le biais d’institutions malades, et la faible application des nouvelles règles, augmente le niveau de corruption. Il y a un énorme besoin de fixer les systèmes qui favorisent la corruption au niveau local et les dirigeants publics sont censés prendre l’initiative pour rétablir la santé de leurs organisations.
Cette attente est-elle réaliste? Oui! Et pourtant, nous nous rendons compte que ce ne sera pas facile. Nous savons que la corruption a toujours existé, depuis l’aube de l’humanité et des organisations humaines. Nous savons que de nombreuses campagnes anti-corruption à travers le monde ont échoué parce qu’elles ont soit eu une approche exclusivement légaliste, se sont principalement fondées sur des appels à la morale, ont été poursuivies sans conviction, ou sont devenues corrompues en se concentrant principalement sur l’emprisonnement de l’opposition politique.
Nous croyons aussi qu’il y a des dirigeants et des gestionnaires publics locaux, qui ont le courage de mettre le doigt sur la maladie de leur organisation, d’en reconnaître les symptômes, de la diagnostiquer, et d’apporter les changements nécessaires pour y remédier.
Corruption et défis et opportunités du gouvernement local
- Le défi politique : guérir et prévenir la corruption dans le gouvernement local est une affaire très politique.
- Le défi stratégique : la plupart des gouvernements locaux n’utilisent pas leur cadre juridique et leurs pouvoirs décisionnels comme des instruments proactifs de changement.
- Le défi des employés : vos employés pourraient ne pas être très heureux à propos de l’impression du public qu’ils sont tous corrompus.
- Le défi économique : la prévention et la l’éradication de la corruption pourraient être couteuses à court terme.
- Le défi des relations publiques : prévenir et éradiquer la corruption dans les administrations locales est une affaire très publique.
L’approche stratégique pour prévenir et éradiquer la corruption dans votre gouvernement local et votre communauté est un processus en cinq phases sur la base de l’intervention et le concept de changement planifié, ce qui met l’accent sur l’apprentissage par la pratique.
Phase une – Accepter la corruption
Les efforts visant à lutter contre la corruption dans les administrations locales sont même généralement initiés par certains déclenchements délibérés – ou ils entrent dans la catégorie de coup de semonce. Le déclenchement d’événements qui encouragent les initiatives de lutte contre la corruption dans l’administration locale.
Le prochain prélude probable à une décision de «faire quelque chose à propos de la corruption” est le coup de semonce. Cela se produit lorsque les chefs de gouvernement local, pour une (des) raison(s) quelconque(s), ne sont pas conscients de la gravité de la maladie de la corruption dans leur organisation – jusqu’à ce que quelque chose de dramatique arrive à “les réveiller”.
Phase deux – Construire une coalition directrice
Avant d’entreprendre une intervention planifiée de changement en tant que chef d’un gouvernement local, nous vous recommandons de faire deux choses :
- Identifier une équipe principale de confidents et de spécialistes qualifiés, ce que nous appelons votre coalition directrice, des personnes qui souhaitent travailler avec vous sur ce défi difficile; et
- Regroupez-vous et accordez-vous sur certains principes clés qui serviront à guider vos efforts.
Phase trois – Diagnostic et planification
Quelle était l’ampleur du problème ?
Où était le problème ?
Depuis combien de temps ce problème a-t-il existé?
Quelle en était la gravité ?
Après avoir trouvé divers problèmes de corruption dans votre gouvernement local et votre communauté et les avoir analysés, il est temps d’envisager différents plans d’action. Dans le cadre du processus de changement planifié, ceci est l’étape dans laquelle vous et votre coalition directrice décidez qui fera quoi avec qui, dans quel délai et avec quelles ressources, et déterminez comment mesurer l’efficacité de votre plan.
Quatrième phase – Mettre en œuvre le changement
Vous pensez peut-être qu’il n’y a pas lieu de passer du temps sur l’expérimentation, les essais et la refonte, à mesure que des étapes distinctes du processus de mise en œuvre planifié change. Mais nous dirions que la mise en œuvre de nouveaux programmes ou stratégies pour guérir et prévenir la corruption devrait être soumise à cette trilogie d’actions avant qu’ils ne deviennent pleinement opérationnels.
Lorsque vous vous rendez compte que de nombreux actes de corruption ne sont pas planifiés – pas par le gouvernement en tout cas – vous réalisez également que pour guérir et prévenir la corruption, il faudra une bonne dose d’expérimentation afin de trouver des solutions à long terme. La mise en œuvre constitue la réalisation de vos plans.
Cinquième phase – Évaluation et prévention continue
La dernière phase de notre démarche d’intervention planifiée pour guérir et empêcher la corruption consiste en deux étapes: l’évaluation de l’impact, la stabilisation et la prévention continues. L’idée est que les remèdes peuvent devenir moins importants si nous nous engageons dans des activités prophylactiques.
Dans le meilleur des mondes bien gérés, l’évaluation d’impact devrait se baser sur la nécessité et les objectifs de toute action envisagée qui se traduit par un impact sur les performances. L’objectif des programmes de prévention est prospectif, afin de faire en sorte que la corruption puisse être contenue, mais aussi empêchée.
ENGLISH
Why focus on local governments? While decentralization and the adoption of democratic self-governance process at the local level have brought the promise of better governance, they have also spawned opportunities for decentralized corruption. When local governments ignore the need for transparence and accountability systems, they provide new temptations for the misuse of public offices for personal gain.
In the transition period toward democracy, the implementation of new policies through sick institutions, and the weak enforcement of the new rules, increases the level of corruption. There is a huge need to fix the systems that breed corruption at the local level and public leaders are expected to take the initiative to restore the health of their organizations.
Is this expectation a realistic one? Yes! And yet, we realize that this will not be easy. We know that corruption has always existed, since the beginning of humanity and human organizations. We know that many anti-corruption campaigns around the world have failed because they either took an exclusively legalistic approach, relied mainly on appeals to morality, were pursued without commitment, or became corrupt by focusing mainly on imprisoning political opposition.
We also believe there are local public leaders and managers, who have the courage to name the illness of their organization, recognize its symptoms, diagnose it, and make the necessary changes to treat it.
Corruption and Local Government Challenges and Opportunities
- The Political Challenge: Curing and preventing corruption in local government is a very political affair.
- The Policy Challenge: Most local governments don’t use their legal framework and policy-making powers as pro-active instruments of change.
- The Employee Challenge: Your employees might not be thrilled about the public impression that they are all corrupt.
- The Economic Challenge: This corruption curing and prevention could be costly in the short run.
- The Public Relations Challenge: Curing and preventing corruption in local governments is a very public affair.
The Strategic approach for curing and preventing corruption in your local government and community is a five-phase process based on intervention and planned change concept, which emphasizes learning-by-doing.
Phase One – Coming to Terms with Corruption
Efforts to deal with corruption in local governments are usually initiated by some deliberate triggering even – or they fall into the wake-up call category. Triggering events – that spark initiatives to cure corruption in local government.
The next probable prelude to a decision to “do something about corruption” is the wake-up call. This happens when local government leader, for whatever reason(s), aren’t aware of just how serious the corruption illness is within their organization – until something dramatic happens to “wake them up”.
Phase Two – Building a Guiding Coalition
Before you, as a local government leader, decide to undertake any large scale corruption curing and prevention planned change intervention, we suggest you do two things:
- Identify a core team of qualified key confidants and specialists, what we are calling your guiding coalition, individuals who would like to work with you on this difficult challenge; and
- Come together or coalesce around some key principles that are designed to guide your efforts.
Phase Three – Diagnosis and Planning
How extensive was the problem?
Where was the problem?
How long had the problem existed?
How serious was it?
After finding various corruption problems in your local government and community and analyzing them, it’s time to decide on various courses of action. This is the stage in the planned change process when you and your guiding coalition decide who will do what with whom, within what timeframe and with what resources, and determine how you will know your plan has been successful.
Phase Four – Implementing the Change
You may think that spending time on experimentation, testing and redesign, as distinct steps of the planned change implementation process is not appropriate. But we would argue that implementing new programs or strategies to cure and prevent corruption should be subject to this trilogy of actions before they become fully operational.
When you realize that many corrupt acts are not planned – not by government anyway – you also realize that curing and preventing corruption will require a fair amount of experimentation in order to find long-term solutions. Implementation is the realization of your plans.
Phase Five – Evaluation and On-Going Prevention
The final stage of our planned intervention approach to curing and preventing corruption deals with two steps: impact evaluation, stabilization and on-going prevention. The idea is that cures can become less important if we engage in prophylactic activities.
In the best of all well-managed worlds, impact evaluation should be based on the need, goals and objectives of any intended action that results in performance impact. The focus of prevention programs is forward looking, to assure that corruption cannot only be contained, but also prevented.
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