Singapore: Strong Anti-Corruption Law/Administrative Measure
Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau.
http://cpib.sg/education/strategic-considerations/strong-anti-corruption-lawadministrative-measure
FRANÇAIS
La loi anti-corruption a depuis été réexaminée régulièrement afin de veiller à ce que les auteurs d’infraction ne puissent échapper aux sanctions légales et que personne ne gagne à pratiquer la corruption. A ce jour, les modifications apportées à la loi incluent:
- Habiliter la justice à ordonner aux auteurs d’infraction de payer une pénalité égale à la somme du pot-de-vin reçu, outre la punition sous forme d’amande et/ou d’emprisonnement
- Donner plus de pouvoirs aux enquêteurs
- Rendre inutile le fait de prouver qu’une personne qui a accepté un pot-de-vin a été en mesure d’accorder la faveur demandée
- Habiliter les enquêteurs à demander aux fonctionnaires sous enquête de fournir des déclarations assermentées de leur patrimoine ainsi que celles de leurs femmes et enfants
- Autoriser le procureur à obtenir des informations du contrôleur de l’impôt sur le revenu
- Habiliter la justice à reconnaitre une richesse disproportionnée par rapport aux revenus comme preuve
- Permettre la suppression de la règle du complice qui considère que les preuves fournies par un complice n’ont pas de valeurs à moins d’être corroborées
- Rendre obligatoire le fait de fournir les informations requises par les enquêteurs du bureau
- Rendre les citoyens de Singapour passibles de sanctions pour des infractions de corruption commises hors de Singapour et d’être jugés comme si les infractions avaient été commises à Singapour
- Considérer le fait de donner des informations fausses ou trompeuses comme une infraction saisissable
Le principe selon lequel la corruption n’est pas payante a été encore renforcé par la promulgation de la Loi sur la corruption de 1989 (confiscation des avantages). Cela donne au tribunal le pouvoir de confisquer les ressources pécuniaires et les biens dont une personne déclarée coupable de corruption ne peut justifier l’origine de manière satisfaisante. Cette loi a été remplacée par la Loi sur la corruption, le trafic de drogue et autres crimes graves, la Confiscation des avantages, chapitre 65 (A) en 1999.
La répression judiciaire en cas de corruption
A Singapour, toute personne déclarée coupable d’une infraction de corruption peut être condamnée à payer une amende allant jusqu’à 100.000 $ ou une peine d’emprisonnement pouvant aller jusqu’à cinq ans, ou les deux. Si l’infraction concerne un contrat du gouvernement ou implique un député ou un membre d’un organisme public, la peine d’emprisonnement peut être portée à sept ans.
Outre l’amende et l’emprisonnement, une personne reconnue coupable d’un délit de corruption sera ordonnée par le tribunal de remettre le montant du pot-de-vin qu’elle avait accepté sous la forme d’une pénalité. De plus, le tribunal a également le pouvoir de confisquer les biens et les ressources pécuniaires dont une personne condamnée ne peut justifier l’origine de manière satisfaisante.
Le système judiciaire de Singapour a adopté une politique de punition sévère contre les coupables de corruption pour servir de moyen de dissuasion. Cette politique est clairement énoncée par l’ancien ministre de la Justice Yong Pung How lors de la prononciation du verdict d’un appel d’une condamnation pour corruption en 2002:
« Je ne doutais pas qu’une peine plus sévère a été justifiée pour souligner la désapprobation et l’aversion par les tribunaux et la société de ses actes, qui non seulement ont eu pour effet de discréditer la fonction publique dont il faisait partie intégrante, mais aussi ont gravement endommagés le fonctionnement impartial de notre justice pénale. Tolérer ce délit serait sans doute porter atteinte à l’efficacité de l’ensemble de notre service public, en diminuant non seulement la confiance du public dans les organismes de répression du pays, mais aussi en minant les efforts déployés par le gouvernement pour établir Singapour comme un Etat sûre et sans corruption dans la communauté internationale ».
Mesures administratives contre des fonctionnaires corrompus
Tout fonctionnaire impliqué dans la corruption est sévèrement puni. Un fonctionnaire corrompu peut être traduit en justice s’il y a suffisamment de preuves pour le faire, ou il peut être puni avec des mesures disciplinaires ministérielles si la preuve est insuffisante pour une poursuite judiciaire. Un fonctionnaire traduit en justice pour corruption perdra son emploi et s’il a atteint l’âge de la retraite, il perdra également sa pension et ses autres avantages.
Pour les mesures disciplinaires ministérielles, la punition peut inclure :
- le licenciement
- la rétrogradation
- l’annulation ou le report de l’augmentation de salaire
- une amande ou un avertissement
- la retraite dans l’intérêt public
Mesures préventives contre la corruption :
Plusieurs mesures administratives ont été prises pour réduire les risques d’implication de fonctionnaires dans des cas de corruption et de malversation. Ces mesures consistent à:
- remplacer les policiers en détachement par des enquêteurs civils permanents
- enlever les opportunités pour la corruption
- rationnaliser les procédures administratives
- réduire les formalités administratives
- évaluer les salaires des fonctionnaires et veiller à ce qu’ils soient payés de manière adéquate
- Rappeler aux entrepreneurs publics lors de la signature de contrat que donner des pots-de-vin aux fonctionnaires chargés du marché peut entraîner la résiliation du contrat.
L’importance des mesures administratives dans la lute contre la corruption à Singapour a été mise en lumière depuis 1973 dans un article paru dans le South China Post:
« L’approche de Singapour contre le problème de la corruption est, nous dit-on, tout simplement une approche d’efficacité de l’administration. La théorie est qu’il n’y a pas de place pour la corruption, qui se développe beaucoup mieux dans une administration inefficace dans laquelle il y a beaucoup de failles qui lui permettent de passer inaperçue et sans contrôle, où il est possible de tromper et de contourner le système. Une administration efficace ne peut être dirigée que par des gens qui sont motivés par l’efficacité et sont eux même efficaces. Des gens qui sont de ce fait contents plutôt que mécontents, épanouis plutôt que frustrés, dévoués plutôt que déloyaux, satisfaits plutôt qu’insatisfaits, incorruptibles plutôt que corrompus. En donnant aux gens leur amour-propre et assez d’argent dans leurs poches – en leur rendant, si vous voulez, leur dignité et l’intégrité qui va avec – ils sont plus susceptibles de considérer la corruption comme un acte vil et seront moins enclins à abandonner leurs consciences publiques et privées; moins susceptibles de vendre leur âme au diable ».
Bob Crew dans “On Corruption”, South China Morning Post, Août 1973
Programme éducatif
Des entretiens réguliers sont donnés aux fonctionnaires, en particulier ceux des organismes de répression, sur les pièges de la corruption. Des conseils leur sont également donnés sur la façon d’éviter de s’impliquer dans la corruption. Les fonctionnaires sont informés de la Loi sur la prévention de la corruption grâce à l’incorporation des dispositions pertinentes de ladite loi dans les manuels d’instructions du gouvernement. En outre, le Bureau d’enquête sur les pratiques de corruption (CPIB) organise des briefings sur le cursus académique pour les étudiants des écoles supérieures.
ENGLISH
The anti-corruption law has since been reviewed regularly to ensure that offenders do not escape legal punishment and that corruption does not pay. The amendments to the law so far included:
- empowering the court to order offenders to pay a penalty equal to the amount of bribe received apart from punishment in the form of fines and/or imprisonment term
- empowering investigators with wider powers
- rendering it unnecessary to prove that a person who accepted a bribe was in the position to carry out the required favour
- empowering investigators to order public officers under investigation to furnish sworn statements specifying properties belonging to them, their spouses and children
- empowering the public prosecutor to obtain information from the comptroller of income tax
- empowering the court to admit wealth disproportionate to income as corroborative evidence
- empowering the removal of the accomplice rule which views evidence of accomplice as unworthy of credit, unless corroborated
- rendering it a legal obligation to provide information required by investigators of the bureau
- rendering Singapore citizens to be liable for punishment for corrupt offences committed outside Singapore and to be dealt with as if the offences had been committed in Singapore
- creating a new seizable offence of knowingly giving false or misleading information
The principle that corruption does not pay was further fortified by the enactment of The Corruption (Confiscation of Benefits) Act of 1989. This provides the court with powers to confiscate the pecuniary resources and property, which a person convicted of a corruption offence cannot satisfactorily account for. This Act was replaced by the Corruption, Drug Trafficking and Other Serious Crimes, Confiscation of Benefits Act, Chapter 65(A) in 1999.
Court Punishment For Corruption
In Singapore any person who is convicted of a corruption offence can be fined up to $100,000 or sentenced to imprisonment of up to five years or to both. If the offence relates to a government contract or involves a Member of Parliament or a member of a public body, the term of imprisonment can be increased to seven years.
Besides the fine and imprisonment, a person convicted of a corruption offence will be ordered by the court to return the amount of the bribe he had accepted in the form of penalty. In addition, the court is also empowered to confiscate the property and pecuniary resources, which a convicted person cannot satisfactorily account for.
The Singapore judiciary system has adopted a stern punishment policy against corruption offenders to serve as deterrence. This policy is clearly enunciated by the then Chief Justice Yong Pung How when delivering a verdict on a corruption punishment appeal case in 2002:
“I had no doubt that a more severe punishment was warranted to emphasise the courts’ as well as society’s disapproval and abhorrence of his actions which not only had the effect of bringing the public service of which he was an integral part into disrepute, but also gravely injures the impartial workings of our criminal justice system. To lightly condone the offence in the present case would no doubt undermine the efficacy of our public service as a whole, not only diminishing the public’s trust in the country’s law-enforcement agencies but also setting back the government’s efforts at establishing Singapore in the international community as a safe and corruption-free city state.”
Administrative Action Against Corrupt Public Officers
Any officer involved in corruption is dealt with severely. A corrupt public officer may be charged in court if there is enough evidence to do so, or he may be dealt with through departmental disciplinary procedures if there is insufficient evidence for court prosecution. A public officer charged in court for corruption will also lose his job and if he is pensionable, his pension and other benefits.
As for departmental disciplinary action, the punishment may include:
- dismissal from service
- reduction in rank
- stoppage or deferment of salary increment
- fine or reprimand
- retirement in public interest
Preventive Measures Against Corruption
Several administrative measures were taken to reduce the chances of public officers getting involved in corruption and wrongdoings. These measures included:
- replacing seconded police officers with permanent civilian investigators
- removing opportunity for corruption
- streamlining administrative procedures
- slashing down red tape
- reviewing public officers’ salaries to ensure that they are paid adequately
- reminding government contractors at the time of signing that bribing public officers administering the contract can lead to termination of contract
The importance of administrative measures in the fight against corruption in Singapore was highlighted way back in 1973 in an article in the South China Post:
“Singapore’s approach to the problem of corruption is, we are told, simply one of efficiency in administration. The theory is that there is no room for corruption, which thrives much better in an inefficient administration in which there are plenty of loopholes for it to flourish unnoticed and unchecked, where there is scope of hoodwinking and beating the system. An efficient administration can only be run by people who are turned on by and, good at, efficiency; people who are thereby content rather than discontent, fulfilled rather than frustrated, dedicated rather than disloyal, satisfied rather than dissatisfied, uncorrupt rather than corrupt. By giving people their self-respect and enough money in their pockets – by restoring to them, if you like, their dignity and its corresponding integrity of purpose – they are more likely to regard corruption as beneath them and less likely to abandon their public and private consciences; less likely to sell their soul to the devil.”
Bob Crew in “On Corruption”, South China Morning Post, August 1973
Educational Programme
Regular talks are given to public officers, especially those in the law enforcement agencies, on the pitfalls of corruption. Advice is also given to them on how to avoid getting involved in corruption. Public officers are made aware of the Prevention of Corruption Act through the incorporation of the relevant provisions of the Act in the Government Instruction Manuals. In addition, the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) also conducts Learning Journey briefing for students from Junior Colleges.
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