The new criminal powers: The spread of illicit links to politics across the world and how it can be tackled.
Ivan Briscoe and Pamela Kalkman, 2016.
http://www.clingendael.nl/pub/2016/the_new_criminal_powers/
FRANÇAIS
Dans les milieux politiques internationaux, «cancer» ou «virus» sont devenus les expressions consacrées pour désigner le crime organisé et la corruption, un diagnostic qui est utilisé pour expliquer comment des pays aussi divers que le Mali, l’Ukraine ou le Mexique sont tombés sous l’influence de raquettes criminelles qui exercent un contrôle sur certaines entités de l’Etat, certains politiciens, juges, forces de police ou territoires.
Toutefois, ce document fera valoir qu’une approche ancrée dans la notion de capture institutionnelle par une force extérieure criminelle – en dépit de sa rhétorique persuasive – est une grave erreur.
Pour diverses raisons, l’activité illicite est devenu une partie de l’organisme vivant des affaires publiques et des entreprises de nombreux pays. Elle doit être traitée non pas comme un corps étranger, mais comme une partie intégrante de la gouvernance et des systèmes économiques, et il est essentiel que les réponses politiques soient adaptées à cette réalité.
La corruption a été la condition nécessaire à l’expansion des réseaux criminels au sein des États et au delà des frontières de l’État, assurant ainsi une réponse permissive ou même coopérative de la police, des acteurs judiciaires et politiques à l’activité illicite.
Comme l’État joue souvent un rôle important dans l’économie de ces pays ( pays en développement), il aura tendance à soutenir ce processus et apaiser les perdants potentiels par le biais de l’augmentation de la distribution des rentes et des privilèges matériels. Pourtant, les coûts humains de ces arrangements dans une ère de mondialisation avancée peuvent l’emporter sur les avantages de ce qui est, en fait, une paix très fragile.
L’accent mis par les instances d’application du droit international sur le contenu de l’activité criminelle ( le flux de drogue, d’armes, d’argent ou, de plus en plus, de migrants clandestins) a distrait les décideurs de ce qui a vraiment besoin d’être au centre de l’attention pour réellement arrêter ces flux, à savoir la forme de criminalité: les structures et les réseaux qui facilitent l’intensification et l’extension des activités criminelles, surtout à travers leurs liens avec les entreprises et les États.
Une nouvelle réponse politique contre le crime organisé doit nécessairement s’occuper des multiples niveaux d’activité illicite et devraient être basée sur une compréhension détaillée des réseaux et des transactions reliant les acteurs étatiques et non étatiques locaux, nationaux et internationaux qui ont été analysés dans cette étude.
Engagement de la société civile: Il est essentiel de reconnaître le rôle vital que les populations locales ont joué à la fois dans la facilitation de, et la lutte contre la corruption et le crime organisé. On peut citer les efforts de sensibilisation sur les impacts de la criminalité et de la corruption sur le développement et la démocratie à travers des campagnes d’information. Elles ont un role de «chiens de garde» des acteurs étatiques et des enquêteurs de la faute professionnelle; et elles soutiennent également la dénonciation par la création de canaux anonymes.
Renforcement du système judiciaire: dans les pays très corrompus, le système judiciaire manque souvent d’indépendance politique, car beaucoup de juges ont des liens avec des politiciens corrompus, sont intimidés par eux, ou dépendent d’eux pour leur futur avancement de carrière. Dans un premier temps, les donateurs devraient être pleinement conscient de la probabilité de telles connexions, et soutenir les efforts ciblés pour renforcer l’indépendance judiciaire. Ceux-ci pourraient consister à renforcer la capacité d’enquête indépendante du service des poursuites pénales, ou à soutenir une surveillance plus étroite de la fortune personnelle des juges et de la transparence de leurs décisions.
Accroître la transparence financière: les accords internationaux pour accroître la transparence du système financier, et faciliter la détection, l’investigation et la poursuite de la corruption transnationale et du blanchiment d’argent, et le recouvrement des avoirs volés devraient être pleinement respectés, dans la pratique comme dans la théorie. Les engagements existants de l’État à des accords anti-corruption, comme le GAFI (Groupe d’action financière) et la CNUCC (Convention des Nations Unies contre la corruption), doivent également être étroitement suivis, et devraient faire l’objet d’une certaine forme de sanction quand il est clair qu’ils sont pas respectés.
ENGLISH
Treating organized crime and corruption as a ‘cancer’ or a ‘virus’ has become shorthand in international policy circles, a diagnosis that is used to explain how countries as diverse as Mali, Ukraine or Mexico have fallen under the influence of criminal rackets that exercise control over certain state bodies, politicians, judges, police forces or territory.
However, this paper will argue that an approach rooted in the notion of institutional capture by an external criminal force is – despite its persuasive rhetoric – gravely mistaken.
For various reasons, illicit activity has become part of the living organism of many countries’ public and business affairs. It must be treated not as a foreign body, but as an integral part of governance and economic systems, and it is essential that policy responses are adapted to this reality.
Corruption has been the necessary condition for the expansion of criminal networks within states and across state borders, ensuring a permissive or even cooperative response from law enforcement, judicial and political actors to illicit activity.
As the state often plays an important role in the economy of such countries (ed. note- developing countries), it will tend to support this process and assuage the prospective losers through the use of increased distribution of rents and material privileges. Yet the human costs of such arrangements in an era of advanced globalization may outweigh the benefits of what is, in fact, a very fragile peace.
The overarching focus of much international law enforcement on the content of criminal activity (e.g. the flow of drugs, arms, money or, increasingly, of clandestine migrants) has distracted policy-makers from what really needs to be at the center of attention to arrest these flows, namely the form of crime: the structures and networks facilitating deepening and extending criminal activity, above all through their links to business and to states.
Above all, new policy response against organized crime should necessarily address multiple levels of illicit activity and should have at their core a fine-grained understanding for the networks and transactions linking local, national and international state and non-state actors that have been analyzed in this paper.
Civil society engagement: It is crucial to recognize the vital role that local populations have played in both the facilitation of, and the fight against, corruption and organized crime. These include efforts to raise awareness of the developmental and democratic costs of crime and corruption through information campaigns; as “watchdogs” of state actors and investigators of malpractice; and by supporting whistle-blowing through the creation of anonymous outlets.
Strengthening the judiciary: In highly corrupt states, the judiciary often lacks political independence, as many judges have ties to corrupt politicians, are intimidated by them, or depend on them for their future career advancement. As a first step, donors should be fully aware of the likelihood of such connections, and support targeted efforts to strengthen judicial independence. These could include bolstering the independent investigative capacity of the prosecution service, or supporting closer monitoring of judges’ personal fortunes and transparency of their rulings.
Increasing financial transparency: International agreements to increase the transparency of the financial system, and facilitate the detection, investigation and prosecution of transnational corruption and of money laundering, and the recovery of stolen assents should be fully respected, in practice as well as in theory. Existing state commitments to anti-corruption agreements, such as FATF (ed. note- Financial Action Task Force) and UNCAC (ed. note- United Nations Convention Against Corruption), must also be closely monitored, and should be subject to some form of sanction when it is clear that they are not respected.
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