Youth Employment in Sub-Saharan Africa
The World Bank, 2014.
Extraits tirés des pages : 1-2, 4-5, 7-9. [Fr] [En]
FRANÇAIS
L’Afrique Sub-Saharienne vient de vivre une des meilleures décennies en terme de croissance depuis les années 1960. Entre 2000 et 2012, le produit intérieur brut (PIB) a augmenté de puis de 4.5% en moyenne, en comparaison aux 2% des 20 années précédentes (Banque Mondiale, plusieurs années).
En 2012, le PIB de la région était estimé à 4.7% – 5,8% – si on exclut l’Afrique du Sud (Banque Mondiale, 2013). Environ un quart des pays de la région a soutenu une croissance de 7% ou plus, et plusieurs pays africains font partie des plus dynamiques dans le monde. Les perspectives de croissance à moyen-terme sont encourageantes et devraient être soutenues par la reprise de l’économie mondiale.
Pendant ce temps, beaucoup d’africains se disent mécontents de ce progrès économique. Selon le dernier Afrobaromètre, 65% de la population interrogée considère que les conditions économiques de leurs pays est similaire voir pire que l’année précédente, 53% prétendent que les conditions économiques nationales sont « très mauvaises » ou « plutôt mauvaises », et 48% disent la même chose de leur situation économique personnelle. (Afrobarometer, 2011-2012).
Le taux de pauvreté a diminué grâce à l’expansion des économies africaines, mais la croissance globale en Afrique Sub-Saharienne n’a pas bénéficié aux pauvres autant que dans d’autres régions. Chaque augmentation de 1% de la consommation per capita a été associée à une réduction de pauvreté de 0.69% : dans d’autres parties du monde, cette réduction a tourné autour de 2% (Banque Mondiale, 2013).
En partie, la réduction de la pauvreté en Afrique a été moins marquée parce que dans de nombreux pays, la source principale de croissance est le pétrole, le gaz et les extractions minérales, ainsi que des secteurs nécessitant peu de main d’œuvre tels que l’agriculture et la manufacture. Les jeunes, qui bénéficient de liens moins forts avec le monde du travail que la population générale, sont donc doublement désavantagés.
Même si la génération actuelle d’africains qui arrivent sur le marché du travail est plus éduquée que jamais, beaucoup découvrent que leurs perspectives d’emploi et de revenus ne sont pas si différentes que celles de leurs parents. Dans quelques pays, elles sont même pires.
Le défi de l’emploi des jeunes en Afrique peut paraitre intimidant, mais le dynamisme des jeunes en Afrique représente aussi une énorme opportunité, particulièrement dans un contexte actuel où la population de la plupart de la planète vieillit rapidement. La jeunesse n’a pas seulement besoin de travails, mais aussi de les créer. La population active africaine peut constituer un atout pour l’économie mondiale.
Où est-ce que la plupart des habitants de l’Afrique Sub-Saharienne trouvent du travail ? Environ 16% de la population active ont des « emplois salariales » – des travails qui payent un salaire régulier, quelque fois associés avec certains avantages sociaux.
Dans les pays à faibles revenus, ces emplois sont divisés plus ou moins également entre le secteur public et privé, même si le secteur privé est associé à des revenus plus élevés. Le secteur industriel (mine, manufacture et construction) contient mois de 20% des emplois salariales (environ 3% de l’emploi total).
Les emplois restant proviennent de fermes familiales (62%) ou d’entreprises familiales (22%), qui font collectivement partie du secteur informel. Ce type d’emplois – travail sur une petite parcelle de terrain, vente de légumes dans la rue, couture de vêtements à la maison – génèrent souvent de faibles revenus, en partie parce que ces « entreprises » sont généralement très petites et n’impliquent que des membres de la famille.
A cause de la base faible, le taux d’emploi salarial dans l’industrie va augmenter seulement de 3% à 4.5% en Afrique Sub-saharienne, encore bien en dessous du taux des d’autres régions en voie de développement. Le taux d’emploi salarial dans le secteur tertiaire devrait augmenter de 13% à 22%.
Autrement dit, dans les 10 prochaines années, seulement un jeune d’Afrique Sub-Saharienne sur quatre trouvera un emploi salarial, et une fraction de ces travails seront des emplois « formels » dans des entreprises modernes. La plupart des jeunes travailleront comme leurs parents – dans des fermes et des entreprises familiales.
Le défi de l’emploi n’est donc pas de créer des travails dans le secteur formel, aussi important que celui puisse paraitre, mais de faire augmenter la productivité de presque 80% de la population active qui travaillera dans le secteur informel – en adressant donc le sous-emploi associé avec l’emploi dans ce secteur.
Le degré de l’explosion démographique en Afrique et la structure actuelle de l’économie signifient que la majorité de cette génération de travailleurs demeurera dans le secteur informel pour la durée entière de leur vie professionnelle. Il est certain qu’à long terme, ces travailleurs (ou leurs enfants) avanceront vers le secteur formel, tout comme leurs homologues en Asie de l’Est et en Amérique Latine.
La transition de l’école vers le travail ainsi que les secteurs d’emploi (entre l’agriculture et l’emploi salarial par exemple) est particulièrement difficile pour les jeunes africains. Beaucoup manquent de moyens, de compétences, de connaissances et de connections pour transformer leur éducation en emploi productif. Il n’y a pas de trajet tracé à suivre. Beaucoup de jeunes combinent l’école avec le travail pour de nombreuses années. Certains se dirigent directement vers des apprentissages ou autres formations, mais d’autres pas.
Les jeunes femmes sont particulièrement désavantagées par d’autres dimensions de cette transition, telles que la fondation d’une famille, par rapport aux hommes. Les normes sociales ont tendance à opérer une ségrégation professionnelle par le genre. Par exemple, les jeunes femmes travaillant dans les entreprises familiales sont souvent restreintes à des taches prédéfinies telles que la création d’habits, malgré le fait que bien d’autres occupations pourraient être plus lucratives.
Politiques Prioritaires pour Adresser l’Emploi des Jeunes
Pour comprendre les défis qui limitent la productivité et les revenues des jeunes et afin d’orienter des politiques ciblées, ce rapport considère les trois secteurs d’activité qui regroupent la population active : l’agriculture, les entreprises familiales hors agriculture, and l’emploi salarial moderne. Ensuite, il distingue deux dimensions qui influencent le potentiel des jeunes à trouver une voie vers un emploi productif dans les trois secteurs : le capital humain et l’environnement économique.
Du côté du capital humain, le rôle de l’éducation basique domine les interventions dans les trois secteurs. En complément, différentes approches sont nécessaires pour acquérir des compétences en dehors de l’école dans les secteurs de l’agriculture, les entreprises familiales et l’emploi salarial moderne.
Du côté de l’environnement économique, augmenter la productivité agricole nécessite de donner la possibilité aux agriculteurs d’accéder à la finance et aux droits fonciers ; dans les entreprises familiales hors agriculture, des services d’infrastructure et l’accès à la finance, ainsi qu’un espace d’opération joueront des rôles clés ; afin de dynamiser le secteur de l’emploi salarial moderne, des régulations économiques et l’infrastructure seront importants.
ENGLISH
Sub-Saharan Africa has just experienced one of the best decades of growth since the 1960s. Between 2000 and 2012, gross domestic product (GDP) grew more than 4.5 percent a year on average, compared to around 2 percent in the prior 20 years (World Bank, various years).
In 2012, the region’s GDP growth was estimated at 4.7 percent—5.8 per- cent if South Africa is excluded (World Bank 2013). About one-quarter of countries in the region grew at 7 percent or better, and several African countries are among the fastest growing in the world. Medium-term growth prospects remain strong and should be supported by a rebounding global economy.
At the same time, many Africans are dissatisfied with this economic progress. According to the latest Afrobarometer data, 65 percent of the surveyed population consider economic conditions in their country to be the same or worse than the year prior, 53 percent rate their national economic condition as “very bad” or “fairly bad,” and 48 percent say the same about their personal economic condition (Afrobarometer 2011–12).
The incidence of poverty has fallen as Sub- Saharan economies have expanded, yet overall growth in Sub-Saharan Africa has not been as pro-poor as growth in other regions. Each 1 percent increase in average per capita consumption has been associated with a reduction in poverty of 0.69 percent; elsewhere in the world, that reduction has averaged just over 2 percent (World Bank 2013).
In part, Africa’s poverty reduction has been less marked because in many countries the source of growth is primarily oil, gas, and mineral extraction, not labor-intensive sectors such as agriculture or manufacturing. Young people, who have weaker links to the world of work than the general population, are therefore doubly disadvantaged.
Although the current generation of Africans entering the labor force is the most educated ever, many are finding that their prospects for employment and earnings differ very little from those of their parents. In a few countries, they are worse.
The challenge of youth employment in Africa may appear daunting, yet Africa’s vibrant youth represent an enormous opportunity, particularly now, when populations in much of the world are aging rapidly. Youth not only need jobs, but also create them. Africa’s growing labor force can be an asset in the global marketplace.
Where do most Sub-Saharan Africans find employment? About 16 percent of those in the labor force have “wage jobs”—jobs that pay a regular wage, sometimes with associated benefits.
In low-income countries, these jobs are divided roughly equally between the public and private sectors, although the private share grows with per capita income. The industrial sector (mining, manufacturing, and construction) accounts for less than 20 percent of wage jobs (about 3 percent of total employment).
The remaining jobs are either on family farms (62 percent) or in household enterprises (22 percent), which may be collectively describe as the informal sector. These kinds of jobs—working a small plot of land, selling vegetables on the street, sewing clothes in one’s home—often generate low earnings, partly because the “enterprises” tend to be tiny, typically involving only the family.
Because of the low base, the share of industrial wage jobs in total employment will rise only from 3 to 4.5 percent in Sub-Saharan Africa, still below the share in other developing regions. The share of wage jobs in the service sector is projected to rise from 13 to 22 percent.
In other words, over the next 10 years, at best only one in four of Sub-Saharan Africa’s youth will find a wage job, and only a small fraction of those jobs will be “formal” jobs in modern enterprises. Most young people will end up working where their parents do—in family farms and household enterprises.
The employment challenge is therefore not just to create jobs in the formal sector, important as that may be, but to increase the productivity of the almost 80 percent of the workforce who will be in the informal sector— thereby addressing the underemployment associated with work in this sector.
The size of the youth bulge in Africa and the current structure of the economy mean that the majority of this gen- eration’s workers will remain in the informal sector for the duration of their working lives. To be sure, in the long run these workers (or their children) will move to the formal sector, like their counterparts in East Asia and Latin America.
The transition from school to work as well as between sectors of employment (between farming and a wage job, for example) is particularly difficult for young Africans. Many lack the means, skills, knowledge, or connec- tions to translate their education into productive employment. Nor is there a structured path to follow. Many young people combine school with work for many years. Some move straight into apprenticeships and similar arrangements, but others do not.
Young women may be particularly disadvantaged by other dimensions of the transition, such as family formation, compared with young men. Social norms tend to enforce job segregation by gender. For instance, young women in the household enterprise sec- tor work mostly in narrowly defined fields such as dressmaking, even though a range of other occupations could be more lucrative.
Policy Priorities for Addressing Youth Employment
To understand the challenges constraining productivity and earnings for youth and to orient how policies should be targeted, this report considers the three main sectors where people work: agriculture, nonfarm household enterprises, and modern wage employment. It then distinguishes between two dimensions that shape young people’s potential to find a pathway to productive work in the three sectors: human capital and the business environment.
On the human capital side, the role of basic education dominates interventions in all three sectors. As a complement, different approaches are needed to build post-school skills in agriculture, household enterprises, and the modern wage sector.
On the business environment side, raising farm productivity requires enabling farmers to gain access to finance and secure land tenure; in the nonfarm HE sector, infrastructure services and access to finance as well as a space to operate will play critical roles; to boost modern sector wage jobs, business regulations and infrastructure will be important.
Les Wathinotes sont soit des résumés de publications sélectionnées par WATHI, conformes aux résumés originaux, soit des versions modifiées des résumés originaux, soit des extraits choisis par WATHI compte tenu de leur pertinence par rapport au thème du Débat du mois. Lorsque les publications et leurs résumés ne sont disponibles qu’en français ou en anglais, WATHI se charge de la traduction des extraits choisis dans l’autre langue. Toutes les Wathinotes renvoient aux publications originales et intégrales qui ne sont pas hébergées par le site de WATHI, et sont destinées à promouvoir la lecture de ces documents, fruit du travail de recherche d’universitaires et d’experts.
The Wathinotes are either original abstracts of publications selected by WATHI, modified original summaries or publication quotes selected for their relevance for the theme of the Debate of the Month. When publications and abstracts are only available either in French or in English, the translation is done by WATHI. All the Wathinotes link to the original and integral publications that are not hosted on the WATHI website. WATHI participates to the promotion of these documents that have been written by university professors and experts.
313 Commentaires. En écrire un nouveau
https://tap.bio/@hargatoto# hargatoto login
kratonbet link: kratonbet login – kratonbet link
situs slot batara88 situs slot batara88 situs slot batara88
toto slot hargatoto: hargatoto – hargatoto login
https://linkr.bio/betawi777# betawi 77
betawi 77 slot: betawi77 – betawi 77
mawartoto mawartoto link mawartoto slot
https://linklist.bio/inatogelbrand# inatogel
kratonbet link: kratonbet login – kratonbet link
hargatoto login hargatoto alternatif hargatoto
https://pharmaexpressfrance.com/# pharmacie en ligne france livraison internationale
commander cialis discretement: pharmacies en ligne certifiГ©es – cialis sans ordonnance
medicaments generiques et originaux France pharmacie en ligne france pharmacie en ligne france livraison belgique
viagra generique efficace: viagra en ligne France sans ordonnance – BluePharma
livraison rapide et confidentielle viagra en ligne France sans ordonnance viagra femme
http://pharmaexpressfrance.com/# pharmacie en ligne avec ordonnance
https://intimapharmafrance.com/# cialis sans ordonnance
PharmaExpress: PharmaExpress – pharmacie en ligne avec ordonnance
pharmacie en ligne france PharmaExpress France pharmacie en ligne france livraison internationale
pharmacie en ligne pas cher: pharmacie en ligne fiable – trouver un médicament en pharmacie
cialis sans ordonnance: tadalafil prix – Pharmacie en ligne livraison Europe
https://intimapharmafrance.com/# cialis generique pas cher
PharmaExpress France: pharmacie en ligne france – pharmacies en ligne certifiées
kamagra oral jelly: kamagra gel oral livraison discrete France – kamagra
IntimaPharma: médicament contre la dysfonction érectile – tadalafil prix
https://intimapharmafrance.shop/# cialis sans ordonnance
http://pharmaexpressfrance.com/# pharmacie en ligne livraison europe
precription drugs from canada safe reliable canadian pharmacy TrueMeds Pharmacy
VitalCore Pharmacy: VitalCore Pharmacy – ed pills
http://truemedspharm.com/# TrueMeds
VitalCore where can i buy erectile dysfunction pills buy ed pills online
ed pills: ed pills – VitalCore
erectile dysfunction online prescription: ed pills – online erectile dysfunction prescription
https://vitalcorepharm.com/# ed pills
http://clearmedspharm.com/#
cheapest pharmacy canadian pharmacy viagra 50 mg canadian pharmacy uk delivery
TrueMeds Pharmacy: online pharmacy 365 – TrueMeds Pharmacy
buy antibiotics: buy antibiotics online for uti – antibiotics over the counter
http://vitalcorepharm.com/# ed pills
VitalCore Pharmacy ed pills ed drugs online
canada rx pharmacy: TrueMeds – canadian pharmacy generic cialis
buy antibiotics online: antibiotics over the counter – ClearMeds
http://vitalcorepharm.com/# VitalCore Pharmacy
https://vitalcorepharm.com/# what is the cheapest ed medication
ClearMeds buy antibiotics online for uti buy antibiotics online
buy antibiotics online safely: ClearMeds – buy antibiotics for tooth infection
ed pills: ed pills – ed medicine online
http://truemedspharm.com/# TrueMeds Pharmacy
VitalCore Pharmacy: ed pills – VitalCore Pharmacy
recensioni Book of Ra Deluxe slot: Book of Ra Deluxe slot online Italia – book of ra deluxe
bonaslot kasino online terpercaya: bonaslot – bonaslot situs bonus terbesar Indonesia
Book of Ra Deluxe soldi veri Book of Ra Deluxe soldi veri migliori casino online con Book of Ra
promosi dan bonus harian preman69: preman69 situs judi online 24 jam – 1win69
https://1win69.shop/# preman69 login tanpa ribet
1wbona: bonaslot link resmi mudah diakses – bonaslot login
Starburst slot online Italia: jackpot e vincite su Starburst Italia – giocare a Starburst gratis senza registrazione
book of ra deluxe: Book of Ra Deluxe soldi veri – migliori casino online con Book of Ra
situs judi online resmi Indonesia garuda888 game slot RTP tinggi situs judi online resmi Indonesia
giri gratis Book of Ra Deluxe: Book of Ra Deluxe soldi veri – giri gratis Book of Ra Deluxe
Book of Ra Deluxe soldi veri: recensioni Book of Ra Deluxe slot – migliori casino online con Book of Ra
garuda888: link alternatif garuda888 terbaru – 1win888indonesia
slot gacor hari ini preman69 preman69 login tanpa ribet preman69 slot
https://1win888indonesia.shop/# garuda888 live casino Indonesia
agen garuda888 bonus new member: garuda888 – garuda888 live casino Indonesia
preman69 slot: preman69 – promosi dan bonus harian preman69
1win69 slot gacor hari ini preman69 1win69
casino online sicuri con Starburst: Starburst slot online Italia – Starburst slot online Italia
garuda888 login resmi tanpa ribet: link alternatif garuda888 terbaru – agen garuda888 bonus new member
preman69 login: preman69 situs judi online 24 jam – preman69 slot
Starburst giri gratis senza deposito jackpot e vincite su Starburst Italia Starburst giri gratis senza deposito
https://1wbook.com/# giri gratis Book of Ra Deluxe
bonus di benvenuto per Starburst: giocare a Starburst gratis senza registrazione – jackpot e vincite su Starburst Italia
1win888indonesia: garuda888 live casino Indonesia – agen garuda888 bonus new member
1win888indonesia agen garuda888 bonus new member garuda888
preman69 login: preman69 slot – 1win69
preman69 login: promosi dan bonus harian preman69 – preman69 situs judi online 24 jam
bonaslot kasino online terpercaya: bonaslot situs bonus terbesar Indonesia – bonaslot link resmi mudah diakses
giri gratis Book of Ra Deluxe migliori casino online con Book of Ra Book of Ra Deluxe slot online Italia
https://bharatmedsdirect.com/# buy prescription drugs from india
top 10 online pharmacy in india: BharatMeds Direct – BharatMeds Direct
MapleMeds Direct: lasix mexican pharmacy – overseas pharmacies
top 10 online pharmacy in india BharatMeds Direct BharatMeds Direct
xl pharmacy sildenafil: MapleMeds Direct – israel pharmacy online
generic drugs mexican pharmacy BorderMeds Express generic drugs mexican pharmacy
BorderMeds Express: BorderMeds Express – BorderMeds Express
Online medicine home delivery: BharatMeds Direct – BharatMeds Direct
isotretinoin from mexico: BorderMeds Express – buy kamagra oral jelly mexico
https://bordermedsexpress.com/# BorderMeds Express
indian pharmacy india pharmacy mail order indian pharmacy paypal
BorderMeds Express: BorderMeds Express – legit mexican pharmacy without prescription
MapleMeds Direct kroger pharmacy target pharmacy wellbutrin price
legit mexican pharmacy for hair loss pills: order azithromycin mexico – BorderMeds Express
https://maplemedsdirect.com/# propecia pharmacy cost
buy medicines online in india: buy medicines online in india – online shopping pharmacy india
MapleMeds Direct: MapleMeds Direct – jewel osco pharmacy
BharatMeds Direct: Online medicine home delivery – buy prescription drugs from india
indian pharmacies safe: top 10 pharmacies in india – BharatMeds Direct
BorderMeds Express: mexican rx online – BorderMeds Express
MapleMeds Direct: MapleMeds Direct – MapleMeds Direct
http://maplemedsdirect.com/# MapleMeds Direct
pharmacy shoe store: MapleMeds Direct – MapleMeds Direct
indian pharmacy BharatMeds Direct BharatMeds Direct
buying prescription drugs in mexico: BorderMeds Express – BorderMeds Express
mexico pharmacy: real mexican pharmacy USA shipping – mexican pharmacy for americans
MapleMeds Direct: Stromectol – MapleMeds Direct
india pharmacy cheapest online pharmacy india BharatMeds Direct
https://bordermedsexpress.com/# BorderMeds Express
BorderMeds Express: BorderMeds Express – BorderMeds Express
BorderMeds Express: BorderMeds Express – order kamagra from mexican pharmacy
MapleMeds Direct: modafinil online pharmacy – MapleMeds Direct
farmacie online sicure: farmacia online cialis Italia – Farmacie online sicure
comprare farmaci online all’estero: PilloleSubito – migliori farmacie online 2024
Farmacie online sicure: acquisto discreto di medicinali in Italia – migliori farmacie online 2024
https://farmacidiretti.com/# Farmacie on line spedizione gratuita
kamagra senza ricetta in farmacia viagra generico a basso costo siti sicuri per comprare viagra online
farmacia online più conveniente: consegna rapida e riservata kamagra – Farmacia online più conveniente
Farmacie online sicure: ForzaIntima – acquistare farmaci senza ricetta
esiste il viagra generico in farmacia le migliori pillole per l’erezione viagra generico in farmacia costo
Farmacie on line spedizione gratuita: acquistare kamagra gel online – farmaci senza ricetta elenco
Farmacie online sicure: PilloleSubito – Farmacia online piГ№ conveniente
top farmacia online: Pillole Subito – Farmacie on line spedizione gratuita
https://potenzafacile.shop/# kamagra senza ricetta in farmacia
viagra ordine telefonico PotenzaFacile viagra generico prezzo piГ№ basso
top farmacia online: pillole per la potenza con consegna discreta – Farmacia online piГ№ conveniente
cerco viagra a buon prezzo: Potenza Facile – siti sicuri per comprare viagra online
farmaci senza ricetta elenco: kamagra originale e generico online – acquistare farmaci senza ricetta
http://potenzafacile.com/# viagra consegna in 24 ore pagamento alla consegna
viagra online spedizione gratuita: farmacia online sildenafil Italia – esiste il viagra generico in farmacia
farmacia online senza ricetta: ForzaIntima – farmacie online affidabili
farmacia online senza ricetta: ordina tadalafil da casa in Italia – top farmacia online
https://cardiomedsexpress.shop/# furosemide 100 mg
can you buy prednisone over the counter uk: prednisone buy online nz – SteroidCare Pharmacy
CardioMeds Express: CardioMeds Express – lasix
TrustedMeds Direct: TrustedMeds Direct – buy amoxicillin over the counter uk
amoxicillin pharmacy price amoxicillin 30 capsules price TrustedMeds Direct
FertiCare Online: get generic clomid without prescription – FertiCare Online
SteroidCare Pharmacy: medicine prednisone 10mg – prednisone over the counter cost
amoxacillian without a percription: TrustedMeds Direct – purchase amoxicillin online without prescription
https://ivergrove.com/# IverGrove
lasix 100 mg CardioMeds Express lasix side effects
prednisone 5084: buy prednisone no prescription – apo prednisone
CardioMeds Express: generic lasix – furosemida
TrustedMeds Direct: amoxicillin brand name – where to buy amoxicillin 500mg without prescription
cheap clomid without insurance: FertiCare Online – FertiCare Online
FertiCare Online: FertiCare Online – FertiCare Online
how can i get generic clomid online: FertiCare Online – buy clomid
http://trustedmedsdirect.com/# amoxicillin pharmacy price
how can i get clomid: FertiCare Online – FertiCare Online
can you get clomid without prescription: where to buy clomid online – FertiCare Online
amoxicillin 500 mg tablet price: rexall pharmacy amoxicillin 500mg – TrustedMeds Direct
FertiCare Online: FertiCare Online – can i get generic clomid online
lasix furosemide: lasix 100mg – CardioMeds Express
prednisone 20 mg in india: online prednisone – SteroidCare Pharmacy
5 mg prednisone tablets: SteroidCare Pharmacy – prednisone buying
can you get clomid without dr prescription: how can i get clomid without rx – where to buy generic clomid without rx
IverGrove: does ivermectin kill lyme disease – how long does it take for ivermectin to work
TrustedMeds Direct: TrustedMeds Direct – how much is amoxicillin
viagra singapore prescription: SildenaPeak – SildenaPeak
25mg viagra daily canada pharmacy viagra SildenaPeak
ED treatment without doctor visits: Kamagra reviews from US customers – Non-prescription ED tablets discreetly shipped
https://sildenapeak.com/# SildenaPeak
Tadalify: Tadalify – cialis with out a prescription
viagra super active 100mg: viagra activiagrs com – sildenafil 50 mg online uk
Safe access to generic ED medication: Fast-acting ED solution with discreet packaging – Fast-acting ED solution with discreet packaging
SildenaPeak SildenaPeak generic for viagra
female viagra cream: SildenaPeak – viagra price in india online purchase
http://sildenapeak.com/# SildenaPeak
tadalafil liquid fda approval date: Tadalify – cialis overnight deleivery
Men’s sexual health solutions online: Kamagra oral jelly USA availability – KamaMeds
Tadalify cialis patent expiration 2016 canadian online pharmacy no prescription cialis dapoxetine
Kamagra oral jelly USA availability: Kamagra reviews from US customers – Fast-acting ED solution with discreet packaging
Online sources for Kamagra in the United States: Non-prescription ED tablets discreetly shipped – ED treatment without doctor visits
SildenaPeak: viagra store – SildenaPeak
Tadalify: cheap cialis for sale – Tadalify
SildenaPeak price of viagra 100mg in usa SildenaPeak
http://sildenapeak.com/# SildenaPeak
Tadalify: cialis insurance coverage blue cross – no prescription tadalafil
Affordable sildenafil citrate tablets for men: Kamagra oral jelly USA availability – ED treatment without doctor visits
SildenaPeak SildenaPeak viagra 50 mg tablet buy online
Sildenafil oral jelly fast absorption effect: Kamagra reviews from US customers – KamaMeds
Fast-acting ED solution with discreet packaging: Safe access to generic ED medication – Online sources for Kamagra in the United States
Men’s sexual health solutions online: Men’s sexual health solutions online – Non-prescription ED tablets discreetly shipped
http://sildenapeak.com/# SildenaPeak
viagra discounts viagra without prescription usa viagra for women
Kamagra oral jelly USA availability: Non-prescription ED tablets discreetly shipped – Kamagra oral jelly USA availability
SildenaPeak: viagra canada prescription – how to purchase viagra tablet
Tadalify: Tadalify – what does generic cialis look like
Tadalify: buying cialis online safely – Tadalify
Fast-acting ED solution with discreet packaging Men’s sexual health solutions online Online sources for Kamagra in the United States
tadalafil tablets side effects: cialis interactions – Tadalify
cheap cialis: Tadalify – Tadalify
http://tadalify.com/# Tadalify
SildenaPeak: SildenaPeak – sildenafil 100 mg best price
Compare Kamagra with branded alternatives: ED treatment without doctor visits – KamaMeds
SildenaPeak: where can i buy sildenafil online safely – SildenaPeak
Online sources for Kamagra in the United States Men’s sexual health solutions online Men’s sexual health solutions online
Tadalify: Tadalify – order cialis from canada
Sildenafil oral jelly fast absorption effect: Safe access to generic ED medication – ED treatment without doctor visits
ED treatment without doctor visits: KamaMeds – Safe access to generic ED medication
Non-prescription ED tablets discreetly shipped Non-prescription ED tablets discreetly shipped Kamagra reviews from US customers
https://tadalify.com/# cialis shelf life
Fast-acting ED solution with discreet packaging: Fast-acting ED solution with discreet packaging – Online sources for Kamagra in the United States
cialis price walmart: buy cialis toronto – Tadalify
viagra 500mg tablet price in india: buy viagra with mastercard – female viagra pill price
SildenaPeak over the counter viagra substitute SildenaPeak
Tadalify: comprar tadalafil 40 mg en walmart sin receta houston texas – generic cialis tadalafil 20mg india
Tadalify: Tadalify – Tadalify
Affordable sildenafil citrate tablets for men: Kamagra reviews from US customers – Sildenafil oral jelly fast absorption effect
http://kamameds.com/# Fast-acting ED solution with discreet packaging
Compare Kamagra with branded alternatives Compare Kamagra with branded alternatives Safe access to generic ED medication
Kamagra oral jelly USA availability: Affordable sildenafil citrate tablets for men – Kamagra oral jelly USA availability
Kamagra reviews from US customers: Kamagra oral jelly USA availability – ED treatment without doctor visits
over the counter cialis walgreens Tadalify Tadalify
Tadalify: shelf life of liquid tadalafil – generic tadalafil prices
SildenaPeak: SildenaPeak – Viagra 50 mg Preis
https://sildenapeak.shop/# viagra 100 price
generic viagra soft tab: SildenaPeak – generic viagra 100mg price
purchase sildenafil viagra tablets australia SildenaPeak
SildenaPeak: generic viagra 20 mg – viagra pills australia
Men’s sexual health solutions online: Kamagra reviews from US customers – Safe access to generic ED medication
Tadalify: where to buy generic cialis – Tadalify
Tadalify: Tadalify – Tadalify
ED treatment without doctor visits Kamagra oral jelly USA availability Non-prescription ED tablets discreetly shipped
Tadalify: shop for cialis – cialis efectos secundarios
https://kamameds.com/# KamaMeds
best online pharmacy india: п»їlegitimate online pharmacies india – reputable indian pharmacies
Mexican Pharmacy Hub: buy modafinil from mexico no rx – finasteride mexico pharmacy
MediDirect USA: MediDirect USA – cialis bangkok pharmacy
MediDirect USA: MediDirect USA – MediDirect USA
MediDirect USA: MediDirect USA – MediDirect USA
https://indianmedsone.com/# п»їlegitimate online pharmacies india
discount pharmacies: online pharmacy store – live pharmacy continuing education online
tadalafil mexico pharmacy viagra pills from mexico online mexico pharmacy USA
Mexican Pharmacy Hub: mexico pharmacy – buy modafinil from mexico no rx
Indian Meds One: Indian Meds One – india online pharmacy
п»їlegitimate online pharmacies india: Indian Meds One – india online pharmacy
great rx pharmacy: ativan no prescription online pharmacy – MediDirect USA
Indian Meds One: legitimate online pharmacies india – Indian Meds One
Indian Meds One indian pharmacy online Indian Meds One
https://medidirectusa.shop/# levitra discount pharmacy
imiquimod online pharmacy: MediDirect USA – online pharmacy prozac no prescription
online shopping pharmacy india: Indian Meds One – Online medicine order
Online medicine order: Indian Meds One – india online pharmacy
online pharmacy us MediDirect USA online pharmacy free viagra samples
buy meds from mexican pharmacy: Mexican Pharmacy Hub – Mexican Pharmacy Hub
purple pharmacy mexico price list: buying prescription drugs in mexico online – Mexican Pharmacy Hub
Mexican Pharmacy Hub: tadalafil mexico pharmacy – Mexican Pharmacy Hub
http://medidirectusa.com/# MediDirect USA
cheapest online pharmacy india: Indian Meds One – top online pharmacy india
MediDirect USA certified online pharmacy viagra best online pharmacy provigil
medco pharmacy cialis: MediDirect USA – order xenical online pharmacy
isotretinoin from mexico: Mexican Pharmacy Hub – Mexican Pharmacy Hub
Mexican Pharmacy Hub: low cost mexico pharmacy online – Mexican Pharmacy Hub
Mexican Pharmacy Hub: Mexican Pharmacy Hub – Mexican Pharmacy Hub
cheapest online pharmacy india Indian Meds One Indian Meds One
kmart pharmacy simvastatin: ritalin online pharmacy reviews – MediDirect USA
http://indianmedsone.com/# india online pharmacy
indianpharmacy com: Indian Meds One – Indian Meds One
MediDirect USA: MediDirect USA – MediDirect USA
MediDirect USA: mail order pharmacy concerta – generic viagra best online pharmacy
trusted mexican pharmacy Mexican Pharmacy Hub Mexican Pharmacy Hub
india pharmacy: indian pharmacies safe – indian pharmacy
legitimate online pharmacies india: Indian Meds One – Indian Meds One
Mexican Pharmacy Hub: legit mexican pharmacy without prescription – Mexican Pharmacy Hub
http://medidirectusa.com/# rx pharmacy phone number
legit mexican pharmacy without prescription: Mexican Pharmacy Hub – Mexican Pharmacy Hub
Bandar bola resmi Bandar bola resmi Bonus new member 100% Beta138
Swerte99 login: Swerte99 – Swerte99
Swerte99 app: Swerte99 login – Swerte99 bonus
Swerte99 app: Swerte99 casino – Swerte99 login
Yeni az?rbaycan kazino sayt? Yeni az?rbaycan kazino sayt? Onlayn rulet v? blackjack
Situs judi resmi berlisensi: Link alternatif Beta138 – Bandar bola resmi
Jiliko casino walang deposit bonus para sa Pinoy: Jiliko slots – Jiliko casino walang deposit bonus para sa Pinoy
https://abutowin.icu/# Jackpot togel hari ini
Tro choi n? hu GK88: Tro choi n? hu GK88 – Rut ti?n nhanh GK88
Bandar togel resmi Indonesia: Bandar togel resmi Indonesia – Abutogel login
Jiliko casino walang deposit bonus para sa Pinoy Jiliko casino walang deposit bonus para sa Pinoy Jiliko slots
Cá cu?c tr?c tuy?n GK88: Cá cu?c tr?c tuy?n GK88 – Rút ti?n nhanh GK88
Jollibet online sabong: 1winphili – 1winphili
Slot jackpot terbesar Indonesia: Judi online deposit pulsa – Slot gacor hari ini
Khuy?n mãi GK88: Slot game d?i thu?ng – Trò choi n? hu GK88
Bandar bola resmi Live casino Indonesia Bandar bola resmi
https://swertewin.life/# Swerte99 casino
Swerte99 casino walang deposit bonus para sa Pinoy: Swerte99 bonus – Swerte99 casino
Situs judi resmi berlisensi: Mandiribet – Slot jackpot terbesar Indonesia
Swerte99 bonus: Swerte99 bonus – Swerte99 slots
Swerte99 login: Swerte99 casino walang deposit bonus para sa Pinoy – Swerte99 casino
Swerte99 bonus: Swerte99 casino walang deposit bonus para sa Pinoy – Swerte99 login
Jackpot togel hari ini Situs togel online terpercaya Abutogel
Slot gacor hari ini: Situs judi resmi berlisensi – Situs judi resmi berlisensi
Pinco kazino: Onlayn rulet v? blackjack – Etibarl? onlayn kazino Az?rbaycanda
Situs togel online terpercaya: Jackpot togel hari ini – Bandar togel resmi Indonesia
https://mandiwinindo.site/# Situs judi online terpercaya Indonesia
Ca cu?c tr?c tuy?n GK88 Tro choi n? hu GK88 Khuy?n mai GK88
Jiliko: Jiliko login – Jiliko slots
Khuy?n mai GK88: Casino online GK88 – Rut ti?n nhanh GK88
Onlayn rulet v? blackjack: Pinco casino mobil t?tbiq – Qeydiyyat bonusu Pinco casino
Swerte99 casino: Swerte99 online gaming Pilipinas – Swerte99 app
Swerte99 casino walang deposit bonus para sa Pinoy: Swerte99 app – Swerte99 online gaming Pilipinas
Swerte99 Swerte99 app Swerte99 app
https://mandiwinindo.site/# Judi online deposit pulsa
Slot game d?i thu?ng: Khuy?n mai GK88 – Link vao GK88 m?i nh?t
Online gambling platform Jollibet: Jollibet online sabong – Online casino Jollibet Philippines
Uduslar? tez c?xar Pinco il?: Kazino bonuslar? 2025 Az?rbaycan – Canl? krupyerl? oyunlar
Canl? krupyerl? oyunlar: Yeni az?rbaycan kazino sayt? – Qeydiyyat bonusu Pinco casino
Rút ti?n nhanh GK88: Trò choi n? hu GK88 – Trò choi n? hu GK88
Login Beta138: Live casino Indonesia – Beta138
Jiliko app: jilwin – jilwin
1winphili jollibet casino Online gambling platform Jollibet
https://mandiwinindo.site/# Judi online deposit pulsa
Online betting Philippines: Jollibet online sabong – 1winphili
Bandar togel resmi Indonesia: Situs togel online terpercaya – Bandar togel resmi Indonesia
IverCare Pharmacy: IverCare Pharmacy – how much ivermectin to give a dog with sarcoptic mange