Culture africaine, identité culturelle, développement, dialogue des cultures
Ibrahima Baba Kaké, Ethiopiques numéros 40-41, 1985.
[Fr] [En]
FRANÇAIS
Nous sommes dans une période de crise de civilisation qui est le résultat d’une crise de culture. Une question qui revient constamment c’est de savoir si l’Afrique a une culture propre et à quoi peut servir celle-ci. Mais au fond qu’est-ce que la culture ? Le caractère universel de la culture, diverse cependant en ses incarnations dans le temps et dans l’espace, en fait le patrimoine de tous les hommes donc des peuples d’Afrique.
La culture africaine fut longtemps niée dans la mesure où l’on parlait de sauvage au lieu de cultures. Les historiens nous enseignent que le Noir est au centre même d’un miracle qu’il faut avoir la loyauté de mettre à sa place, c’est le miracle égyptien. Nous dirons le « miracle nègre ». Pendant toute la période égéenne, l’influence culturelle nègre a été prédominante à un moment où les Blancs étaient des plus frustes et il faudra attendre des millénaires pour que les Indo-Européens puissent valablement profiter des leçons de l’Egypte nègre.
Par quel processus le Noir africain a pu rompre avec ce passé si chargé de lumières ? Les guerres et l’éclatement de l’ordre social, la surpopulation ont entraîné le long du Nil des exodes successifs vers l’intérieur du continent africain. Les prodigalités de la nature ont entraîné à long terme le manque d’effort, lui-même générateur des lenteurs ou des régressions de toute civilisation. La rupture avec la culture d’origine et, à la faveur de l’absence de besoin, la perte des éléments essentiels ont imposé une orientation culturelle particulière plus conforme au milieu.
Il faut ajouter à cela l’effet de la colonisation d’apparition récente. Il est significatif que pour s’implanter l’Occident dût partout commencer par détruire la culture des Noirs : suppression des statues interdiction des rites sacrés, désagrégation de l’ordre social millénaire ont procédé du même impérieux besoin de faire le vide culturel. On remplaça par des fonctionnaires, simples rouages d’une machine technique – l’administration – les chefs traditionnels qui étaient le couronnement de l’édifice culturel.
L’essentiel de ce qui constitue la culture africaine contemporaine, autrement dit les thèmes développés dans la littérature, les arts, la musique, le cinéma, le théâtre, manque souvent de pertinence et d’enracinement. Tout se passe en effet comme si les créateurs de cette culture écrivaient, peignaient, sculptaient, pour restituer à un certain public occidental l’image que celui-ci se faisait de leurs peuples et assouvir son besoin d’évasion.
Utilisant les grands moyens modernes de diffusion, cette culture marginale et exotique, artificielle, urbaine et artistique risque ainsi d’étouffer le patrimoine culturel authentique du peuple et de se substituer à lui. Un nouvel ordre social, surgi d’une puissante civilisation d’importation avec ses critères de référence et de valeur, a fait ainsi son apparition ne tolérant et ne diffusant que certaines activités et caractéristiques culturelles résiduelles de l’Afrique éternelle, comme la danse, les gestes expressifs, le pouvoir de fabulation, la religiosité, l’enthousiasme discontinu…
La culture négro-africaine, ce n’est point ce syncrétisme qu’affectionnent et encouragent les médias des pays occidentaux voire des nouveaux États africains. Le rôle primordial de la culture africaine, faut-il le rappeler a toujours été d’enseigner une certaine idée de l’homme et de la nature et de contribuer à l’harmonie de leurs relations.
L’identité culturelle d’un peuple, c’est le droit qu’il a de rester lui-même envers et contre toutes les formes d’assimilation et de cultures du monde contemporain. Ces forces jouent le plus souvent en faveur des pays développés. Le monde contemporain est caractérisé par une tendance au nivellement culturel, conséquence de la dépendance économique ou politique des pays en voie de développement par rapport aux pays développés. L’aide économique internationale tend, par le canal des anciennes stratégies, à vulgariser dans les pays en développement le modèle de production et de consommation occidental ou socialiste.
Le monopole des moyens d’information détenu par les pays développés, est un autre facteur du nivellement culturel. Il favorise l’exportation des systèmes d’éducation des pays développés aux dépens des cultures nationales. Le nouvel ordre mondial de l’information prôné par l’Unesco de même que le nouvel ordre économique mondial provoque les foudres des détenteurs des médiats en Occident.
L’identité culturelle doit signifier égalité entre toutes les cultures ; elle exige le même respect pour la majorité que pour les minorités, elle exclut toute subordination, toute oppression tout en maintenant l’ouverture sur les autres, tout en réclamant le droit à la différence.
Un autre instrument de la domination culturelle est, sans aucun conteste, la langue. Tant qu’un peuple, disait Montesquieu, n’a pas perdu sa langue il peut garder l’espoir. La langue est le trait d’identité culturelle par excellence. Pour justifier la domination de la langue française dans les anciennes colonies on invoque souvent le fait que l’Afrique est une tour de Babel. C’est un point de vue défendu aussi bien par les autorités françaises que par les Chefs d’Etats africains qui ont tous adopté le français comme langue officielle.
Mais l’Europe est aussi une tour de Babel. L’unité linguistique apparente n’existe à l’échelle d’aucun continent : les langues suivent les courants migratoires, les destins particuliers des peuples. C’est – écrit Cheikh Anta Diop – une langue africaine typiquement nègre qui a été la plus anciennement écrite dans l’histoire de l’humanité, il y a de cela 5300 ans en Égypte.
L’utilisation exclusive du français dans l’éducation et dans la vie des relations internationales par les Africains risque fort de freiner pour longtemps leur effort pour rejeter la tutelle culturelle de la France. Il n’est point dans notre intention de prôner le rejet des langues de l’ancien colonisateur mais l’enseignement de celles-ci ne doit pas faire tomber dans l’oubli les langues nationales, véritables véhicules des cultures africaines. C’est en effet dans le dialogue des cultures que peut se faire le véritable développement de l’Afrique. La solution du problème culturel est la condition sine qua non du développement, et même de toute croissance.
ENGLISH
We are in a period of civilization crisis that is the result of a culture crisis. A question that arises frequently is whether Africa has its own culture and what that could be used for. But in reality, what is culture? The universal nature of culture, diverse however in its incarnations in time and space, makes it the heritage of all men thus of the African peoples.
African culture was long denied to the extent that we talked of savage instead of culture. Historians tell us that the black individual is at the center of a miracle that we must have the loyalty to put in its place: the Egyptian miracle. We will say the “black miracle”. Throughout the Aegean period, black cultural influence was predominant at a time when white people were more rustic. It will take thousands of years to the Indo-Europeans to validly benefit from the lessons of black Egypt.
How could the Black African break with this radiant past? Wars, the collapse of social order, and overpopulation led, along the Nile, to successive exodus towards the interior of Africa. In the long run, prodigality of nature led to a lack of effort, which generates delays or regression in any civilization. The break with the culture of origin and the loss of essential elements due to the absence of need, have imposed a particular cultural orientation more consistent with the environment.
To this should be added the effect of colonization, which had just appeared. It is worth noting that to establish itself, the West had to start by destroying the culture of black people: the removal of statues, prohibition of sacred rites, disintegration of the ancient social order came from the same urge to create a cultural vacuum. Public officers, mere cogs in the administrative machine, replaced the traditional leaders who were the culmination of the cultural edifice.
Most of what constitutes contemporary African culture, in other words the themes developed in the literature, arts, music, cinema, theatre, often lacks relevance and rooting. It is as if the creators of this culture write, paint and sculpt to give back to a certain Western audience the image it already has of their peoples and satisfy its need to escape.
Using the great modern means of dissemination, this marginal, exotic, artificial, urban and artistic culture may well stifle and replace the authentic heritage of the people. A new social order, stemming from a powerful import civilization with its reference and value criteria, has appeared. It only tolerates and spreads some residual cultural activities and characteristics of the eternal Africa, such as dance, expressive gestures, storytelling, religiosity, discontinuous enthusiasm…
Black African culture is not the syncretism that media in Western countries or new African States like and encourage. The primary role of the African culture has always been to teach a certain idea of man and nature and contribute to the harmony of their relations.
The cultural identity of a people is the right it has to remain true to itself in the face of all forms of assimilation and cultures of the contemporary world. These forces often play in favor of developed countries. The contemporary world is characterized by a tendency to cultural leveling, a consequence of the economic and political dependence of developing countries on developed countries. Through the old strategies, international economic aid tends to popularize the Western or socialist model of production and consumption in developing countries.
The media monopoly held by the developed countries is another factor of cultural leveling. It promotes the export of the education systems of developed countries at the expense of national cultures. The new world information order advocated by UNESCO as well as the new world economic order provokes the wrath of the media owners in the West.
Cultural identity must mean equality between all cultures. It requires the same respect for the majority and the minorities, it excludes any subordination or oppression while maintaining openness to others and claiming the right to difference.
Another instrument of cultural domination is indisputably language. Montesquieu said that as long as a people has not lost its language, it can stay hopeful. Language is the ultimate feature of cultural identity. To justify the domination of the French language in the former colonies, the fact that Africa is a tower of Babel is often conjured up. It is a view defended both by the French authorities and the African heads of State who have all adopted French as an official language.
But Europe is also a tower of Babel. The apparent linguistic unity does not exist across any continent: languages follow migratory flows and the individual destinies of peoples. Cheikh Anta Diop wrote that the oldest written language in the history of mankind, 5300 years ago in Egypt, was a typical black African language.
By exclusively using French in education and international relations, Africans are very likely to hamper for a long time their effort to reject the cultural authority of France. It is not our intention to advocate the rejection of languages from the former colonizer but the teaching of these should not make national languages, true vehicles of African cultures, sink into oblivion. It is indeed through the dialogue of cultures that true development of Africa can be achieved. Solving the cultural problem is the necessary condition of development, and even of any growth.
Les Wathinotes sont soit des résumés de publications sélectionnées par WATHI, conformes aux résumés originaux, soit des versions modifiées des résumés originaux, soit des extraits choisis par WATHI compte tenu de leur pertinence par rapport au thème du Débat du mois. Lorsque les publications et leurs résumés ne sont disponibles qu’en français ou en anglais, WATHI se charge de la traduction des extraits choisis dans l’autre langue. Toutes les Wathinotes renvoient aux publications originales et intégrales qui ne sont pas hébergées par le site de WATHI, et sont destinées à promouvoir la lecture de ces documents, fruit du travail de recherche d’universitaires et d’experts.
The Wathinotes are either original abstracts of publications selected by WATHI, modified original summaries or publication quotes selected for their relevance for the theme of the Debate of the Month. When publications and abstracts are only available either in French or in English, the translation is done by WATHI. All the Wathinotes link to the original and integral publications that are not hosted on the WATHI website. WATHI participates to the promotion of these documents that have been written by university professors and experts.
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