L’enseignement à Singapour : pour quoi ? Pour qui ?
Jason Tan, Revue internationale d’éducation de Sèvres, 2014.
[Fr] [En]
FRANÇAIS
Le système éducatif de Singapour a été au centre d’un intérêt international soutenu au cours des vingt dernières années, grâce aux succès répétés de ses élèves dans les tests internationaux de réussite scolaire, tels que PISA. Ce modèle a été salué comme une référence par les pays désireux de réformer ce que de nombreux gouvernements considèrent comme une incapacité à favoriser l’émergence de standards de réussite scolaire élevés. Serait-il possible que le cas de Singapour offre des leçons utiles pour progresser sur la voie de la réussite scolaire ?
1959-2014 : les points marquants de la politique éducative
Depuis 1959, l’un des traits distinctifs de Singapour est l’hégémonie politique du PAP (People’s Action Party). Cette hégémonie est sans doute l’un des facteurs qui permettent d’expliquer la pérennité relative des objectifs fixés par le gouvernement. Lorsque le PAP a pour la première fois assumé le pouvoir politique dans un Singapour autonome après 140 ans de gouvernement colonial britannique, il a hérité d’un fatras disparate d’établissements fonctionnant dans quatre langues différentes : l’anglais, le chinois, le malais et le tamoul.
La scolarisation était loin d’être universelle et les établissements manquaient d’objectifs communs, voire de programmes ou d’examens communs. Outre le fait de lancer un programme ambitieux d’accroissement des inscriptions dans le primaire (l’objectif d’inscrire la totalité d’une classe d’âge dans le primaire a été atteint en 1966), le PAP a également commencé à unifier les curricula, les examens, ainsi que la formation et les salaires des enseignants.
En 1965, l’indépendance (après une courte période d’union politique avec la Malaisie) a renforcé la volonté de définir deux objectifs éducatifs fondamentaux dans la nouvelle nation : favoriser la croissance économique nationale et encourager la cohésion sociale au sein d’une population multi-ethnique et multi-religieuse. De plus, le nombre d’écoles privées a rapidement été réduit afin de permettre un contrôle centralisé de la définition de la politique éducative, de la régulation et du financement. Afin d’encourager la croissance économique, l’accent a été mis sur les compétences en anglais, en mathématiques et en sciences (ce qui a quelque peu marginalisé les autres matières) au primaire, au secondaire et au niveau pré-universitaire.
Les caractéristiques clés du système éducatif singapourien
Afin de comprendre plus avant le système éducatif de Singapour, plusieurs caractéristiques clés sont soulignées. La première est la méritocratie, dont le PAP a fait un mythe fondateur gravé dans le marbre. La rhétorique officielle prétend que la méritocratie offre à chacun des chances égales en matière éducative et qu’il s’agit du moyen le plus efficace de sélectionner le talent fondé sur le travail individuel et le mérite (comme le montrent les performances individuelles dans une série d’examens nationaux à fort enjeu). Cependant, il est important de reconnaître que la méritocratie stipule de manière explicite des résultats scolaires inégaux.
La seconde caractéristique est la croyance en une différenciation des filières fondée sur les capacités, qui repose elle-même sur la conviction que les différences individuelles de capacités exigent des curricula différents. Le système de filières a été institutionnalisé au primaire fin 1979, et dans le secondaire un an plus tard. En fonction de leur score aux examens nationaux, les élèves étaient orientés vers différentes filières, avaient accès à différentes matières, à différents niveaux de complexité dans le traitement de ces matières et à différents examens finaux.
La troisième caractéristique est l’équilibre entre la lourde centralisation de la définition de la politique mentionnée plus haut et le transfert progressif de la prise de décision aux chefs d’établissement. La mise en place d’une plus grande autonomie des écoles a commencé dans les années 1980 sous la forme d’écoles indépendantes et d’écoles autonomes dans le secondaire, et aujourd’hui sous la forme d’une plus grande liberté de décision pour la gestion des personnels et l’offre de curricula.
ENGLISH
The educational system in Singapore has been at the center of an international interest over the past twenty years, thanks to the repeated success of its students in international tests of academic achievement, such as PISA. This model was welcomed as a reference by countries seeking to reform what many Governments see as an inability to promote the emergence of high academic standards. Would it be possible that the case of Singapore offers valuable lessons for progress on the road to academic success?
1959-2014: the highlights of educational policy
Since 1959, one of the hallmarks of Singapore is the political hegemony of the PAP (People’s Action Party). This hegemony is probably one of the factors that explain the relative continuity of the objectives set by the Government. When the PAP first assumed political power in a stand-alone Singapore after 140 years of British colonial Government, It inherited a disparate jumble of establishments operating in four different languages: English, Chinese, Malay and Tamil.
Schooling was far from universal and institutions lacked common goals, or even programs or joint reviews. In addition to launching an ambitious program of increase of enrolment in the primary (the aim to include all of an age class in primary schools has been achieved in 1966), the PAP has also begun to unify curricula, examinations, as well as training and salaries for teachers.
In 1965, independence (after a brief period of political union with the Malaysia) has strengthened the desire to define two fundamental educational objectives in the new nation: promote national economic growth and encourage social cohesion within a multi-ethnic and multi-religious population. In addition, the number of private schools was quickly reduced to allow a centralized control of the definition of the educational policy, regulation and financing. To encourage economic growth, emphasis was placed on skills in English, mathematics and Science (which has somewhat marginalized other subjects) at the primary, secondary and pre-university level.
The key characteristics of Singapore educational system
In order to understand more before the educational system in Singapore, several key features are highlighted. The first is meritocracy, which the PAP has made a founding myth set in stone. The official rhetoric argues that meritocracy offers everyone equal opportunities in education and that it is the most effective way to select talent based on individual work and merit (as shown by individual performances in a series of national examinations to strong challenge). However, it is important to recognize that meritocracy stipulates explicitly unequal educational outcomes.
The second characteristic is the belief in chains differentiation based on capabilities, which is itself based on the belief that the individual differences of capacity require different curricula. Dies system was institutionalized in late 1979 primary and in secondary schools a year later. Depending on their score in the national exams, students were oriented towards different sectors, had access to different materials at different levels of complexity in the treatment of these materials and different final exams.
The third characteristic is the balance between the heavy centralization of defining the policy mentioned above and the progressive transfer of decision-making to school heads. The establishment of a greater autonomy of schools began in the 1980s in the form of independent schools in secondary education. And today, it takes the form of a greater freedom of decision for management of staff and curricula offer.
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